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殖民主义时期的文学★3、清教徒的想法:
①Puritanswanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.净化信仰和行为方式②wishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.重建教堂,提供简单服务,建立神圣地位③lookuponthemselvesasachosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod’swillandisnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民,对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝。
④Puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。
⑤religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.强调上帝严厉的一面,忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans?
关于美国清教徒的描绘
LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthattheChurchshouldberestoredtothe“purity”ofthefirst-centuryChurchasestablishedbyJesusChristHimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreached.Itwasthiskindofreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.TheretheymeanttoprovethatwereGod’schosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinheaven.
2、Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.
3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.
4、TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese. 理性和革命时期文学
Representatives:
BenjaminFranklin:
Autobiography
Prose\essay ThomasPaine:
CommonSense
ThomasJefferson:
DeclarationofIndependence
PhilipFreneau:
poet\journalist
启蒙运动对美国的影响 opposecoliralorderandreligiousobscurantism. Seculareducationandliterature→Franklin
1、BenjaminFranklin 本杰明.弗兰克林 ①代表作:
“PoorRichard’sAlmanac”穷人理查德的年鉴 ⑦“Autobiography”自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
2、ThomasPaine 托马斯.佩因 “GreatCommonerofMankind”最平凡的人 ①famouspamphlet“CommonSense”著名的政治小册子《常识》, ②“AmericanCrisis”《美国危机》,signed“CommonSense”.署名为“常识”。
3、ThomasJefferson托马斯.杰弗逊 ①draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言。
4、PhilipFreneau菲利浦.弗瑞诺 poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者。
①perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-Revolutionaryperiod.可能是革命战争后期最杰出的作家。
②hasbeencalledthe“FatherofAmericanPoetry”美国诗歌之父学习指南:
1、TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsubjecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.
2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyetromanticinessentialspirit.
现实主义文学
1、Realism特征:
①Mechanization机器化
②urbanization城市化,许多人涌入城市,阶级差异明显
③induseridization工业化
④federalgovernment (race种族平等进入宪法)标志着马克.吐温的《镀金时代》开始 ⑤railwaysystem工业化的一大标志,电力和石油的应用发挥了重大作用。
ED.H.Lawrence的作品中突出了对铁路的描写。
2、文化特征:
①女性发挥作用明显,女性的作者和读者明显增多。
②开始关注中产阶级。
Midclass.③现实主义realism,NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation’sliterarycenter.纽约成为新的文化中心。
3、Realism:
MarkTwain localcolorist 本土色彩浓厚
HenryJames psychologist 心理描写深刻
Naturalism自然主义 pessimistic 悲观的
Environment 环境
Heredity(lower) 底层的继承
4、Calvinistfamily Predestination预知的
卡尔文主义 Pessimism 悲观的
悲观的,宿命的 tone(诗歌基调) tragic 关注死亡Deathandimmortality(永恒)
5、两个作家的比较 Dickinson Whitman
关注点:
innerworldofindividual关注个人内心 Society/large 关注社会
形式:
freeverse freeverse
语言:
concise、direct、simple简洁、直接的 (diction)
1、镀金时代:
TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,of gloomandbuoyanthope.无节制、走极端,倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存,既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法:
19世纪末,theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed. 反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件,关注人性中的微妙之处。
4、Realism:
(现实主义)appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色,是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物:
美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点
5、自然主义:
naturalism,anewandharsherrealism,新型的更为冷峻的现实主义,产生悲观的流派, 产生于theendofthecentury十九世纪末,因为Perceptionofsociety’sdisorders对社会无序的感知。
Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活 Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.强调世界的非道德性,人们没有意志的自由,宗教上的真理是虚幻的,现实生活是痛苦的。
Deterministic决定论,宿命的,
代表作家:
StephenCrane史蒂芬.克莱恩, FrankNorris弗朗克.诺里斯,
JackLondon 杰克.伦敦, TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞.。
二、代表作家:
1、WaltWhitman 沃尔特.惠特曼
①★freeverse(自由诗体)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.无固定节奏,无有规律的韵脚
②“LeavesofGrass”草叶集1870 thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美国历史上第一部真正的史诗
Poem’s特点:
mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”areaboutmanandnature.
③关注点:
Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual
④诗人职责:
heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhis
expressionsofthetruth.表达真理的前提下,引导社会发展。
2、EmilyDickinson 爱米丽.狄金森
①作品:
“IdiedforBeauty”我为美而死(诗歌) Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate(终极)thesame
“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath”我不能等候死神Theme:
死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径
②特点:
herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.
4、MarkTwain 马克.吐温
①美国现实主义文学的代表作“AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)
②特点:
localcolorist地方特色:
auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism,itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.
③contribution贡献:
colloquialspeechacceptedasliterarymedium口语化被文学界接受
④代表作:
“TheGildedAge”70-90年代,镀金时代,贫富分化,财富积累。
“TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写
“LifeontheMississippi”
8、TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞
①代表作:
“SisterCarrie”《嘉莉妹妹》thefirstnovel,whichtracesthematerialriseofCarrieMeeberandthetragicdeclineofG.W.Hurstwood.
“TheFinancier”、“TheTitan”、“TheStoic”TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲
②“AnAmericanTragedy”《美国悲剧》,TheidentificationofpotencywithmoneyisattheheartofDreiser’sgreatestandmostsuccessfulnovel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说,表达了金钱万能的主题。
二十世纪的文学
2、Imagism意象派:
presentanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.
1、Imagism意象派:
isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.
2、LostGeneration:
迷惘的一代,Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea“LostGeneration,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”orexiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.
3、Modernism现代主义:
islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.
4、现代主义的标志:
T.S.Eliot’s“TheWasteLand”,themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.
5、典型的迷惘一代:
F.ScottFitzgerald,“TheGreatGatsby”《了不起的盖茨比》 novel
ErnestHemingway“TheSunAlsoRises”《太阳照样升起》“AFarwelltoArms”《告别了,武器》
WilliamFaulkner “TheSoundandtheFury”《喧嚣与骚动》
6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家:
EugeneO’Neill“TheEmperorJones”《琼斯国王》、“AnnaChristie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“TheHairyApe”《毛猿》 二、代表作家:
2、RobertFrost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人poet
①诗歌特点和内容:
(1)rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,choosinginstead“theold-fashionedwaytobenew.”HeemployedtheplainspeechofruralNewEnglandersandpreferredtheshort,traditionalformsoflyricandnarrative.
(2)Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol.
(3)Hisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties,andhispoetry,forallitsapparentsimplicity,oftenprobesmysteriesofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniversewheremenstandalone,unaidedandperplexed.
②hebecomeanationalbard美国民族诗人的翘首,winfourPulitzerPrizes获得了四次普利兹奖.
③“TheRoadNotTaken”、“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”向往大自然,想逃避社会;死亡、迷惑
3、WallaceStevens华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人
①Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat“ideasoforder,”thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankin