airport.docx

airport.docx

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airport

Anairportisalocationwhereaircraftsuchasfixed-wingaircraft,helicopters,andblimpstakeoffandland.Aircraftmaybestoredormaintainedatanairport.Anairportconsistsofatleastonesurfacesuchasarunwayforaplanetotakeoffandland,ahelipad,orwaterfortakeoffsandlandings,andoftenincludesbuildingssuchascontroltowers,hangarsandterminalbuildings.

Largerairportsmayhavefixedbaseoperatorservices,seaplanedocksandramps,airtrafficcontrol,passengerfacilitiessuchasrestaurantsandlounges,andemergencyservices.Amilitaryairportisknownasanairbaseorairstation.

Terminology

Theterms aerodrome, airdrome, airfield,and airstrip mayalsobeusedtorefertoairports,andtheterms heliport, seaplanebase,and STOLport refertoairportsdedicatedexclusivelytohelicopters,seaplanes,or shorttake-offandlanding aircraft.

Incolloquialuse,theterms airport andaerodromeareofteninterchanged.However,ingeneral,theterm airport mayimplyorconferacertainstatureupontheaviationfacilitythatanaerodromepropermaynothaveachieved.Insomejurisdictions, airportisalegal termofart reservedexclusivelyforthoseaerodromescertifiedorlicensedas airports bytherelevantgoverningorganization[citationneeded] （e.g.the U.S.FederalAviationAdministration （FAA）,or TransportCanada）aftermeetingspecifiedcertificationcriteriaorregulatoryrequirements.

Thatistosay,inthepurestsense,allairportsareaerodromes,butnotallaerodromesareairports.Otherjurisdictionsdefineanairportasonethatisfurnishedwiththe customs officesexpectedofa portofentry,[citationneeded] thoughthemoregeneraltermforsuchaerodromesis airportofentry.Injurisdictionswherethereisnolegaldistinctionbetweenaerodromeandairport,thetermsareoftenusedaccordingtotheusers'ormanagers'preference.

[edit]Infrastructure

Thepassengerterminalbuildingsat IncheonInternationalAirport,Incheon, SouthKorea

Smallerorless-developedairports—whichrepresentthevastmajority—oftenhaveasinglerunwayshorterthan1,000 m（3,300 ft）.Largerairportsfor airline flightsgenerallyhavepavedrunways2,000 m（6,600 ft）orlonger.Manysmallairportshavedirt,grass,or gravel runways,ratherthan asphalt or concrete.

Inthe UnitedStates,theminimumdimensionsfordry,hardlandingfieldsaredefinedbythe FARLandingAndTakeoffFieldLengths.Theseincludeconsiderationsforsafetymarginsduringlandingandtakeoff.Heavieraircraftrequirelongerrunways.

The longestpublic-userunway intheworldisat QamdoBangdaAirport in China.Ithasalengthof5,500 m（18,045 ft）.Theworld'swidestpavedrunwayisat UlyanovskVostochnyAirport in Russia andis105 m（344 ft）wide.

Asof2009,the CIA statedthattherewereapproximately44,000"...airportsorairfieldsrecognizablefromtheair"aroundtheworld,including15,095intheUS,theUShavingthemostintheworld.[1][2]

[edit]Airportownershipandoperation

Mostoftheworld'sairportsareownedbylocal,regional,ornational government bodieswhothenleasetheairporttoprivate corporations whooverseetheairport'soperation.Forexample, BAALimited （BAA）operatessevenofthecommercialairportsinthe UnitedKingdom,aswellasseveralotherairportsoutsideoftheUK. Germany's FrankfurtAirport ismanagedbythequasi-privatefirm Fraport.Whilein India GMRGroup operates,through jointventures, IndiraGandhiInternationalAirport and RajivGandhiInternationalAirport. BengaluruInternationalAirport and ChhatrapatiShivajiInternationalAirport arecontrolledbyGVKGroup.TherestofIndia'sairportsaremanagedbythe AirportsAuthorityofIndia.

IntheUnitedStatescommercialairportsaregenerallyoperateddirectlybygovernmententitiesorgovernment-created airportauthorities （alsoknownas portauthorities）,suchasthe LosAngelesWorldAirports authoritythatoverseesseveralairportsintheGreaterLosAngelesarea,including LosAngelesInternationalAirport.

In Canada,thefederalauthority,TransportCanada,divesteditselfofallbuttheremotestairportsin1999/2000.NowmostairportsinCanadaareownedandoperatedbyindividuallegalauthoritiesoraremunicipallyowned.

ManyUSairportsstillleasepartoralloftheirfacilitiestooutsidefirms,whooperatefunctionssuchasretailmanagementandparking.IntheUS,allcommercialairportrunwaysarecertifiedbytheFAAunderthe CodeofFederalRegulations Title14Part139,"CertificationofCommercialServiceAirports"[3] butmaintainedbythelocalairportundertheregulatoryauthorityoftheFAA.

DespitethereluctancetoprivatizeairportsintheUS（despitetheFAAsponsoringaprivatizationprogramsince1996）,the government-owned,contractor-operated （GOCO）arrangementisthestandardfortheoperationofcommercialairportsintherestoftheworld.

[edit]Airportstructures

Theexteriorof TanSonNhatInternationalAirport, HoChiMinhCity, Vietnam.Theairportwillsoonbereplacedby LongThanhInternationalAirport asthemainairportofHoChiMinhCity

ViewoftheEastAtriumatOrlandoInternationalAirport,Orlando,U.S.,witha HyattRegencyhotelwithintheterminalstructure

Infrastructureofanairport

Airportsaredividedinto landside and airside areas.Landsideareasinclude parkinglots, publictransportation trainstations, tankfarms andaccess roads.Airsideareasincludeallareasaccessibletoaircraft,includingrunways, taxiways, ramps andtankfarms.Accessfromlandsideareastoairsideareasistightlycontrolledatmostairports.Passengersoncommercialflightsaccessairsideareasthroughterminals,wheretheycanpurchasetickets,clear security check,orclaimluggage andboardaircraftthrough gates.Thewaitingareaswhichprovidepassengeraccesstoaircraftaretypicallycalledconcourses,althoughthistermisoftenusedinterchangeablywithterminal.

Theapronfromthetopfloorobservationroom,HalifaxInternationalAirport, Canada

Theareawhereaircraftparknexttoaterminaltoloadpassengersandbaggageisknownasa ramp（or"the tarmac"）.Parkingareasforaircraftawayfromterminalsarecalledaprons.

Airportscanbetoweredor non-towered,dependingonairtrafficdensityandavailablefunds.Duetotheirhighcapacityandbusy airspace,many internationalairports haveairtrafficcontrollocatedonsite.

Airportswithinternationalflightshavecustomsand immigration facilities.However,assomecountrieshaveagreementsthatallowtravelbetweenthemwithoutcustomsandimmigrations,suchfacilitiesarenotadefinitiveneedforaninternationalairport.Internationalflightsoftenrequireahigherlevelofphysicalsecurity,althoughinrecentyears,manycountrieshaveadoptedthesamelevelofsecurityforinternationalanddomestictravel.

Someairportstructuresincludeon-site hotels builtwithinorattachedtoaterminalbuilding.Airporthotelshavegrownpopularduetotheirconveniencefortransientpassengersandeasyaccessibilitytotheairportterminal.Manyairporthotelsalsohaveagreementswithairlinestoprovideovernight lodging fordisplacedpassengers.

"Floatingairports"arebeingdesignedwhichcouldbelocatedoutatseaandwhichwouldusedesignssuchas pneumaticstabilizedplatform technology.

[edit]Productsandservices

Foodcourtandshops, HalifaxStanfieldInternationalAirport,Canada

Dutyfreeshopat SuvarnabhumiInternationalAirport in Bangkok,Thailand

Mostmajorairportsprovidecommercialoutletsforproductsandservices.Mostofthesecompanies,manyofwhichareinternationally-knownbrands,arelocatedwithinthedepartureareas.Theseincludeclothingboutiquesandrestaurants.Priceschargedforitemssoldattheseoutletsaregenerallyhigherthanthoseoutsidetheairport.However,someairportsnowregulatecoststokeepthemcomparableto"streetprices".Thistermismisleadingaspricesoftenmatchthemanufacturers' suggestedretailprice （MSRP）butarealmostneverdiscounted.[citationneeded]

Apartfrommajorfastfoodchains,someairportrestaurantsofferregionalcuisinespecialtiesforthoseintransitsothattheymaysamplelocalfoodorculturewithoutleavingtheairport.[4]

MajorairportsinsuchcountriesasRussiaandJapanofferminiaturesleepingunitswithintheairportthatareavailableforrentbythehour.Thesmallesttypeisthe capsulehotel popularinJapan.Aslightlylargervarietyisknownasa sleepbox.Anevenlargertypeisprovidedbythecompany YOtel.

[edit]PremiumandVIPservices

ShahjalalInternationalAirport'sVIP Terminal, Dhaka, Bangladesh

AirportsmayalsocontainpremiumandVIPservices.ThepremiumandVIPservicesmayincludeexpress check-in,dedicatedcheck-incounters,separatedeparturesand/orarrivalslounge,priority boarding,separate airbridges,andprioritybaggagehandling.

Theseservicesareusuallyreservedfor First and Businessclass passengers,premium frequentflyers,andmembersoftheairline'sclubs.Premiumservicesmaysometimesbeopentopassengerswhoaremembersofadifferentairline'sfrequentflyerprogram.Thiscansometimesbepartofareciprocaldeal,aswhenmultipleairlinesarepartofthesamealliance,orasaploytoattractpremiumcustomersawayfromrivalairlines.

Sometimesthesepremiumserviceswillbeofferedtoanon-premiumpassengeriftheairlinehasmadeamistakeinhandlingofthepassenger,suchasunreasonabledelaysormishandlingofcheckedbaggage.

Airlineloungesfrequentlyofferfreeorreducedcostfood,aswellasalcoholicandnon-alcoholicbeverages.Loungesthemselvestypicallyhaveseating,showers,quietareas,televisions,computer, Wi-Fi andInternetaccess,andpowerout