跨文化交际 主要内容.docx
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跨文化交际主要内容
Chapter1
WhystudyInterculturalcommunications?
Fourtrendsofthemodernworldmakeinterculturalcommunicationinevitable:
1.Technologicaldevelopment
2.Globalizationoftheeconomy
3.Widespreadpopulationmigrations
4.Developmentofmulticulturalism
Onlythroughtheunderstandingofinterculturalcommunicationcanpeopledevelopaglobalmind-setintheglobalvillagethatisourworldtodayandlivemoreharmoniouslywithoneanother.
Thefieldofinterculturalcommunicationhasdevelopedboththeoreticalandappliedperspectives.
1.Theoretically,thestudyfocusesonmoreorlesspurposiveinteractionbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturesanddifferentracialandethnicgroups.
2.Practically,interculturalcommunicationisappliedindifferentkindsofinterculturalandinterethnictrainingprogramstohelppeopleofdifferentbackgroundsunderstandandaccepteachotherinacademic,business,government,andothersettings.
Chapter2
TherelationshipbetweenCultureandCommunication:
Cultureandcommunicationactoneachother.Asthecarrierofculture,commnunicationinfluencesthestructureofaculture,andcultureisnecessarilymanifestedinourcommunicationpatterrnsbyteachingushowweshouldtalkandbehave.
Communication:
Communicationisdefinedasaninterdeterminingprocessinwhichwedevelopamutuallydependentrelationshipbyexchangingsymbols.
Communicationhasfourcharacteristics:
(1)Communicationasaholisticphenomenon
(2)Communicaitonasasocialreality
(3)Communicaitonasadevelopmentalprocess
(4)Communicationasanorderlyprocess
Culture:
Cultureisdefinedasanegotiatedsetofsharedsymbolicsystemsthatguideindividuals’behaviorsandinclinethemtofunctionasagroup.
Culturehasfourcharacteristics:
(1)Cultureisholistic
(2)Cultureislearned
(3)Cultureisdynamic
(4)Cultureispervasive
Culturehastwofunctions:
(1)Itprovidesacontextinwhichthreeaspectsofhumansocietyareembedded:
linguistic,physical,psychological.
(2)Itfunctionstoprovidethestructure,stability,andsecuritythatarerequiredforthegroupanditsmemberstomaintainthemselvesasahealthysystem.
Interculturalcommunication:
Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationamongpeoplefromtwoormorecultures.
Successfulinterculturalcommunicationisbasedonthepositivefeelingandbeliefswebringtotheinterculturalencounterandonthebehavioralskillswepossess.
Threeformsofinterculturalcommunicationbasedontheinteractants’intentions:
Self-centereddialogue,Dominantdialogue,Equaldialogue.
Chapter3
Perception:
Perceptionisaprocessbywhichweturnexternalstimuliintomeaningfulexperiences.
Theprocessofperceptionincludesthreestages:
Selection,Organization,Interpretaion.Becauseperceptionisselective,wecanonlypartiallyperceivethethingsthatsurroundus,itusuallyfollowsthreesteps:
Selectiveexposure,Selectiveattention,Selectiveretention.Organizationreferstothewaywearrangewhatweperceiveintomeaningfulpatterns,basedontheirshape,color,texture,size,andintensity.Interpretationistheprocesswherebyweassignmeaningstowhatweperceive.
Culturehasamajorimpactontheperceptionprocess:
Itnotonlyprovidesthefoundationforthemeaningsweassigntoourperceptions,italsodetermineshowwechoosetoexposeourselvestoanddirectourattentiontowardspecifickindsofmessagesandevents.
Theinfluenceofcultureonperceptionisoftenreflectedintheattributionalprocess.
Attributioninvolvesinterpretingthemeaningofothers’behaviorsbasedonourpastexperienceorhistory.Cultureprovidesanenvironmentthatallowsustodevelopallthemeaningswepossess.Thus,peoplefromdifferentcultureswillperceiveandinterpretothers’behaviorsindifferentways.
Thesubjectivenatureoftheperceptualframeworkarisingfromourcultureindicatesthatourperceptionisoftenpartialandinaccurate.Theinsufficiencymanifestsasstereotyping,prejudice,anddiscrimination.
Stereotypesarethoseovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefsweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.
Prejudiceisaregidattitudebasedonerroneousbeliefsorpreconceptions.
Discriminationistheactingoutofprejudicialattitudes.
Stereotypesanprejudicedonotsuddenlyappearwhenweareborn,theyaregraduallydevelopedfromtheprocessoflearningandsocialization,andfromexposuretomassmediaimages.Tosolvetheproblemsofstereotypesandprejudicethemostimportantcommunicationskillweshouldlearnisempathy.
Values:
Avaluecanbedefinedasaconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes,means,andendsofaction.Valuesareguidingforcesofhumanbehavior.
Culturevalueorientationistheconceptusedtostudytherelationshipbetweenculturalvaluesandcommunicationsbehaviors,itreferstothemeanssocietyusestosolvetheuniversalproblemsofdailylife.
Powerdistancespecifiestowhatextentacultureadaptstoinequalitiesofpowerdistributioninrelationshipsandorganizations.
High-power-distanceculturetendtoorienttoauthoritarianism,whichdictatesahierarchicalorverticalstructureofsocialrelationships.
Low-power-distanceculturesaremorehorizontalintermsofsocialrelationships.
Chapter4
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyofhumanlanguage.Itconsistsoffiveareasofstudy:
Morphology,Phonology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.Semanticsandpragmaticsdirectlyaffecttheprocessofinterculturalcommunication.
Humanlanguagehasfourcharacteristics:
(1)It’ssymbolic;
(2)It’srule-governed;(3)It’ssubjective;(4)Itoftenshowschangeandvariation.
Languageisabridgepeoplecanusetolearnorunderstandculturalvalues,andit’snecessarytocomprehendculturalvaluestoacquirethelanguageusedtoportraythem.Inotherwords,tobecompetentininterculturalcommunicationweneedtobeawareofboththeculturalvaluesandthelanguageexpressionsofourculturalcounterparts.
Chapter5
Verbalandnonverbalcommunicationformthetwomaincontextsofhumancommunication.
Nonverbalcommunicationisdifferentfromverbalcommunicationinfiverespects:
1.It’snotconsciouslycontrollable
2.Itcanindicatemultipleeventssimultaneously
3.Itcanbeusedasaninterculturalorinternationallanguage
4.It’slearnedearlierinourlife.
5.It’smoreemotionalinexpression
Fivefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication:
repetition,replacement,emphasis,contradiction,regulation.
Characteristicsofnonverbalcommunication:
Nonverbalcommunicationislesssystemizedandmoreculturallybound,anditsmeaningsarealwaysambiguous.
Thestructureofnonverbalcommunicationiscomprisedoffourareasofstudy:
1.Kinesicsisthestudyofbodymovementssuchasfacialexpressions,eyecontact,handgestures,andtouch.
2.Proxemicsisthestudyofhowhumanbeingsandanimalsusespaceincommunication.
3.Paralanguagereferstohowweusevoicedimensions:
voicequality,vocalcharacterizers,vocalqualifiers,andvocalsegregates.
4.Chronemicsisthestudyofhowweperceivetheconceptoftimeandhowthataffectsourcommunication.
Nonverbalcommunicationandculturearecloselyinterrelatedintwoways:
First,ournonverbalbehaviorsaredictatedbyourculture;
Second,culturedetermineswhenit’sappropriatetimeforustodisplaynonverbalbehaviors.
WecanimproveourinterculturalskillsinnonverbalcommunicationbyfollowingRicard’sfive-stepmodelforthedevelopmentofnonverbalskills:
1.Assessourlearningneeds
2.Observesimilarsituations
3.Useappropriateresources
4.Reachtentativeconclusions
5.Reevaluateourconclusionsasnecessary.
Chapter6
Wedeveloprelationshipstomeetthesocialneedsofinclusion,control,andaffection.
Humanrelationshiphasfivecharacteristics:
1.It’sdynamic
2.It’shierarchical
3.It’sreciprocal
4.It’sunique
5.It’sinterdependentandirreplaceable
Theoriesofrelationshipdevelopment:
1.SocialExchangeTheory:
Socialinteractionrelationshipinitiatesaftermeasuringthedifferencebetweenrewardandcosts.
2.SocialPenetrationTheory:
Thedevelopmentofhumanrelationshipsisdeterminedbytheinformationwedisclosetoourpartner.
3.UncertaintyReductionTheory:
Thistheorypositsthatinterpersonalrelationshipsdevelopandprogresswhenweareabletoreduceouruncertaintyabouteachother.
4.CommunicationAccommodationTheory:
Itcombinespropositionsfromspeechaccommodationtheoryandethnolinguisticidentitytheorytoexaminethecommunicativemovesinteractantsmakeinsocialandpsychologicalcontextsandhowit’srelatedtopersonalcharacteristics.
Yum’sfivecategoriesofrelationshipareusedtoillustratetheimpactofculutralvariabilityonrelationshipdevelopment.Thefivecategoriesareparticularism/universalism,long-term/short-term,ingroup/outgroup,formal/informal,andpersonal/publicrelationships.Theinluenceofculturalvaluedifferencesarealsodiscussedfromthefollowingperspectives:
verbal/nonverbaldifferences,backgroundandattitudeinformation,andthedegreeofself-disclosure.
Third-Culture-Building:
fivephasesofthird-culturebuildingareexplicated:
intrapersonalintraculturalcommunication,interpersonalinterculturalcommunication,rhetoricalinterculturalcommunication,metaculturalcommunication,andintraculturalcommmunication.
Chapter7
Conflictsareinevitableintheprocessofinterculturalcommunication.Tohaveunpleasantfeelingsduringconflictisuniversal.Conflictscanbeconsideredasseveallevels:
intrapersonalconflict,interpers