跨文化交际上课内容0910下0506.docx

跨文化交际上课内容0910下0506.docx

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跨文化交际上课内容0910下0506

Week5&6

Unit4LanguageandCulture

I.DiscussionAssignmentP120

Trytotranslatethephrasesandsummarizethepotentialculturalimplicationsofthecolorterms.

II.LanguageandCulture

（i）LanguageandEnvironment

1.Languageisaninstrument.Worddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary.Forexample,inChinese,weliveina房子.InEnglish,weliveinahouse.

2.Languageisevenmoreanenvironment.Ithasasmuchtodowiththephilosophicalandpoliticalconditioningofasocietyasgeographyorclimate.（p121-123）So,wecanseethatabsolutecolordesignations–white,black,red,yellow–arenotmerelyinaccurate;theyhavebecomesymbolicratherthandescriptive.

3.Readoverthearticle“HowtoTalkAbouttheWorld”（p123-127）,thenanswerthequestionsonp127.

Fromthisarticlewecanseethatlanguagecategorizestheinformationitdoesfindsignificant.Sowecanregardlanguageasareflectionoftheenvironment.

Theenvironmentinfluencestheappropriatevocabulary;languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.

（ii）LanguageandCulture

1.Readoverthearticle“WeAreattheMercyofOurLanguage”（p130-134）,thenanswerthequestionsonp134-135.

（1）Languagebecomesourshaperofideas.（Q1）

（2）Howcultureaffectslanguage?

（Q2）

2.Languagereflectsculturalvalues.

3.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:

Readoverthearticle“LanguageasCommunicationandLanguageasCulture”（p145-148）,thenanswerthequestionsonp149.

※Sapir-WhorfHypothesis（p150-153）

abeliefthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.

linguisticdeterministinterpretation---Languagestructurecontrolsthoughtsandculturalnorms.

linguisticrelativityinterpretation---Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.

III.WordMeanings

Weknowthatwordsrepresentmeaning.Theproblemisthattheymayrepresentseveraltypesofmeaningssimultaneously.

（i）DenotationandConnotation

Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages128-130,thenanswerthequestion:

Whatisdenotation?

Whatisconnotation?

Giveexamplestoshowtheirdifference?

（ii）Sevencategoriesoflexicalmeanings

Thestudyofwordmeaningislexicalsemantics.Thelexicalmeaningscouldbeclassifiedintosevencategories:

conceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,collocativemeaningandthematicmeaning.

1.ConceptualMeaning（概念意义）

Wordsmayrefertoobjectsintherealworld（e.g.dog,book,river,etc.）orabstractconcepts（e.g.life,friendship,hatred,etc.）inourmind.Therelationshipbetweenawordandanobjectintherealworldoraconceptinourmindtowhichtheworldrefersistheconceptualmeaningoftheword.

2.ConnotativeMeaning（内涵意义）

Itisthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Theword“woman”canbedefinedconceptuallyasanadultfemalewhoisbipedandhasawomb,whichisthephysicalfeaturesofawoman.Butseveralotherpsychologicalandsocialfeaturescanbeattributedtoher,suchas“capableofspeech”,“experiencedincookery”and“skirtordresswearing”.Theseadditionalfeaturesareitsconnotativemeaning,whichmayincludesuchfeaturesas“frail”,“pronetotears”,“emotional”,etc.andsuchgoodqualitiesas“gentle”,“compassionate”,“sensitive”,“hard-working”,andsoon.

Ahighgovernmentofficial:

（1）politician:

engaginginpolitiesforpersonalgain;

（2）statesman

3.SocialMeaning（社会意义）

Itiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse,whichincludesatleastlanguageusers（whoareusinglanguage）,settings（whereislanguageused）,andtopics（whatarethelanguageuserstalkingorwritingabout）.

家:

（1）domicile:

usedinofficialorlegaldocumentsorbetweenpeoplewhoareinvolvedinofficialorlegalaffairs.

（2）residence:

usedinformaloradministrativecircumstances.（3）abode:

apoeticword,usedincreationandappreciationofpoems.（4）home:

usedineverydayspeechbetweenclassmates,colleagues,friendsorfamilymembers.

4.AffectiveMeaning（情感意义）

Itiscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage.Suchinterjectionsas“aha”,“myGod”,“oh”,and“dear”arechieflyusedtoconveyaffectivemeaning.

5.ReflectedMeaning（反映意义）

Itarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Forexample,“theComforter”and“theHolyGhost”bothrefertoGodinreligiousEnglish,buttheformersoundswarmandcomforting,whilethelattersoundsawesomebecausethesearethereflectedmeaningsofthesetwoterms.

6.CollocativeMeaning（搭配意义）

Itconsistsofassociationawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit.

Nice-looking:

（1）pretty:

girl,woman,flower,garden,color,village

（2）handsome:

boy,man,car,overcoat,airliner

7.ThematicMeaning（主题意义）

Itiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizeamessage,intermsofordering,focus,oremphasis.

e.g.thesameconceptualcontent:

（1）Mr.Smithdonatedthefirstprize.

（2）ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMr.Smith.

Theactivesentenceseemstobeananswertothequestion“WhatdidMr.Smithdonate?

”,whilethepassivesentenceappearstoanswer“Whowasthefirstprizedonatedby?

”or“Whodonatedthefirstprize?

”.TheactivesentencesuggeststhatweknowwhoMr.Smithiswhilethepassiveonedoesnot.

Meanings2—7arecalledassociativemeanings.

IV.LanguageandTranslation

（i）Problemsintranslationtoachieveequivalencebetweenlanguages

Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages136-140,andanswerthefollowingquestion:

Howmanytypesofequivalenceintranslationarementioned?

1.Lexicalequivalence:

Forexample,kinshipterms;锅&wok;cowboy&牛仔.

2.Idiomaticequivalence:

likeidioms

3.Grammatical-syntacticalequivalence:

1）就出生而言,他是个英国人;就职业而言,他是个水手;就性格而言,他是个叛逆者.

Bybirth,heisanEnglishman;byoccupation,asailor;bynature,arebellion.

2）quantifier量词:

onebook一本书

4.Experientialequivalence:

1）四面楚歌

bebesiegedonallsides,beutterlyisolated

2）asAmericanasapplepie:

toemphasizesth.isgenuinelyAmerican

5.Conceptualequivalence

1）relationship&关系

2）individualism&个人主义

（ii）WordsandMeaning

1.WordsandCulture-specificConceptualMeaning

1）Wordsandgeography:

TheMississippi;theChannel;koala,kangaroo

2）Wordsandhistory:

TheMayFlower;scalp（剥带发头皮）;lynch;cowboy;hippie;duke;castle

3）Wordsandpolitics:

President;congress;DemocraticParty;Governor-General

4）WordsandChristianity:

Trinity;Bible;Catholic;Protestant;Puritan

5）Wordsandholidays:

Christmasbox（圣诞节礼）;Christmastide（圣诞节节期）;Easter

6）Wordsandlivingstyles:

Hotdog;hamburger;pudding;cocktail;drive-ins（drive-incinemas;drive-inbanks;drive-inrestaurants）;motels,diners（餐车式饭馆）;baseball（垒球）,striptease（脱衣舞）;lovestore（色情商店）;late-lateTVshows（深夜放映的色情电视片）

2.WordswithPartialEquivalence

1.young,middle-agedandold

English:

18--------------40----------------60---------------

Chinese:

18---------35--------------55----------------------

2.intellectuals&知识分子

3.

（1）socialsciences:

politicalscience,economics,sociology,etc.,branchesoflearningthatareconcernedwithhumansociety,esp.itsorganizationandtherelationshipofindividualmemberstoit.

（1）社会科学:

alltheacademicfieldsnotincludedinthenaturalandappliedsciences.

2.

（1）yard:

asmallopenspacecompletelyorpartiallyenclosedandadjoiningabuilding

（2）院子:

房屋前后用墙或栅栏围起来的空地.

3.

（1）drugstore/achemist’sshop:

wheremedicines,toiletries,andvariousothersmallarticlesincludingfood,aresold,butwhereonecanbuyonlyafewkindsofmedicinewithoutaprescription.

（2）药店:

wheremedicinesandsomekindsofmedicalapparatusaresold,mostofwhicharesoldwithoutadoctor’sprescription.

4.kinshipterms

Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages128-130,thensummarizethemajordifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesekinshipterms?

Englishterms

Chineseterms

Englishterms

Chineseterms

Grandfather

祖父，外祖父

Granddaughter

孙女，外孙女

Grandmother

祖母，外祖母

Uncle

伯，叔，舅，姑父，姨夫

Father-in-law

岳父，公公

Aunt

伯母，婶婶，舅母，姑母，姨母

Mother-in-law

岳母，婆婆

Nephew

侄子，外甥

Brother

兄，弟

Niece

侄女，外甥女

Sister

姐，妹

cousin

堂兄，堂弟，堂姐，堂妹，表兄，表弟，表姐，表妹，以及他们的同辈

Grandson

孙，外孙

3.WordsOftenMistaken

greenhouse（温室）≠绿色的房屋

busywork（耗时又无价值的工作）≠忙碌的工作

busman’sholiday（消磨于与日常工作类似之活动的假日）≠公共汽车驾驶员/乘务员的假日

busybody（爱管闲事的人）≠大忙人

housewarming（乔迁喜宴）≠房屋供暖

donkeywork（苦役；单调的日常工作）≠驴活儿

policeaction（未经正式宣战，对破坏国际和平与秩序的叛乱者采取的镇压行动）≠警察行动

lowbody（矮脚抽屉柜）≠矮个子男孩

freelove（公开同居）≠自由恋爱

equalitarianism（favorableterm）≠平均主义

disinterested（公正的）≠无兴趣

wester（西风）≠西方人

firstlady

highschool

lover

restroom

4.WordsandConnotativeMeanings

1）dogand狗（p129-130）

2）peasantand农民

3）landlordand地主

4）comradeand同志

5）self-mademan（successfulpersonsfromhumbleorigin）and白手起家的人（经济基础不是很好）

6）propagandaand宣传

7）do-gooder（stupidpersonsearnestlybentondoinggoodwithoutknowingtheharmfulresult）and作好事的人

8）spiritual（religiousconnotation）and精神的

V.CaseAnalysis

OnenightaChinesestudentmajoringinEnglishsatonthestepsoftheForeignstudents’residenceandtalkedwithtwoyoungmaleforeignstudents,oneGermanandoneAmerican.Theydidnotspeakawordtoherontheirowninitiative,butsheaskedmanyquestionstogetaconversationstarted.Everytimetheyansweredherwithonlyoneortwowords.ButshewasdeterminedtopracticeherEnglishsoshetriedtokeeptheconversationgoing.“Howdoyouspendyourweekend?

”sheasked.TheGermanboyansweredimmediately,