《英语语言学概论》配套习题五问答题答案docx.docx

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《英语语言学概论》配套习题(五)(问答题)答案

Chapter1IntroductiontoLinguistics

1.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimacommunication.

2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage?

Thecharacteristicsofhumanlanguageincludearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,discreteness,transferabilityandlinearity.

3・Explainthecharacteristicofarbitrariness・Whataretherelationshipbetweenarbitrarinessandconvention?

Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.

4.Whatdoesproductivitymeanforlanguage?

Itmeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Itreferstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludingnovelsentencesbyuseoffinitesetofrules.

5・Whatfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?

Languagehasatleastsevenfuncitons:

informative,interpersonal,performative,emotive,phatic,recreationalandmetalingual.

6・Explainthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage・

Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagereferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.

7・Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics?

Synchroniclinguisticstakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Incontrast,diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory;therefore,itisalsocalledhistoricallinguistics.

8・Whatdistinguishesprescriptivestudiesoflanguagefromdescriptivestudiesoflanguage?

Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,norms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.

Chapter2Phonology

1・Whatdoesphoneticsconcern?

Phonetisisthescientificstudyofspeechsoundsofhumanbeings.Phoneticscanbesuv-classifiedintoarticulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.2・Howdothethreebranchesofphoneticscontributetothestudyofspeechsounds?

Articualtoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeeech.Auditoryphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

3・Howisthedescriptionofconsonantsdifferentfromthatofvowels?

Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulanceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

4.Inwhichtwowaysmayconsonantsbeclassified?

Thecategoriesofconsonantsareestablishedontwoimportantfactors,whicharetermedasmannersofarticulationandplacesofarticulation.

5.Howdophoneticiansclassifyvowels?

Thediscriptionofvowelsincludesfouraspects:

theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short)andlip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded).

6.T0whatextentdoesphonologydifferfromphonetics?

Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaywoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.Phoneticsisthestudyofallpossiblespeechsoundswhilephonologystudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.

7.Whatdominimalpairrefer?

Giveanexampletoillustrate・

Certainsoundscausechangesinthemeaningofaword,whereasothersoundsdonot.Forinstance,thewordbigcanbedescribedinaphonetictranscription[big].If[g]isreplacedby[t],thereisanotherword:

bit.[g]and[t]arecalledminimalpairs.Therefore,whensoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning,thesesoundsareminimalpairs.

8.Whatkindofphenomenoniscomplementarydistribution?

Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment,theyareincomplementarydistribution.Forexample,theaspiratedEnglishstopsneveroccurafter[s],andtheunaspiratedonesneveroccurinitially.Soundsincomplementarydistributionmaybeassignedtothesamephoneme.Theallophonesof[1],forinstance,arealsoincomplementarydistribution.Theclear[l]occuronlybeforeavowel,thedark[1]occurafteraconsonantorattheendofaword.

Chapter3Morphology

1・Whatisafreemorpheme?

Whatisaboundmorpheme?

Morphememaybeclassifiedintofreeandbound.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning,itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.

Afreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.Man,book,takeandredarefreemorphemes.

Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance.Itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorphem,freeorbound,likeun-inunhappy,pasttensemorphemeinworked.

2・Whatisthedifferencebetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?

Aninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisadded.Theinflecitonalaffixestodayarethepluralmarker,thegenetivecase,theverbalendings,thecomparativedegreesandsuperlativedegrees.Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlytheirparticualrgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalaffixes.

Aderivationalaffixservestoderiveanewwordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.Derivationalaffixhaslexicalmeaning,butlessimportantthanthemeaningoftherootinthesameword,like-ableinthewordworkable.Derivaitonalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

3・Whatiscompounding?

Compoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocessbyjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtopartsofthespeech:

(1)nouncompounds(likehearbeat);

(2)adjectivecompounds(likedutyfree);(3)verbcompounds(likehousekeep).

4.Whatarethecriteriaofacompoundword?

(1)Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:

solid(likeairmail).hyphenated(likeair-conditioning)andopen(likeairraid).

(2)Phonologically,manycompoundshaveaso-calledcompoundaccent,thatis,asinglestressonthefirstelement,asin"spacerocket;oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.

(3)Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedto,butcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.

5.Whatisacronymy?

Acronymyisatypeofshorteningbyusingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase・Iftheshortenedwordispronouncedletterbyletter,itisaninitialismlikeBBC;iftheshortenedwordispronouncedaswordratherthanasasequenceofletters,itisanacronymlikeSAM(forsurface-to-airmissile).

6.Whatisblending?

Blendingisapreocessofword・forniationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch).

7.Decidewhichwayofwordformationisusedtoformthefollowingwords.

Comsat(fromcommunications+satellite,byblending)

Motel(frommotor+hotel,byblending)

Lase(fromlaser,byback-formation)

Memo(frommemorandom,bybackclipping)

Nightmare(fromdaymare,byanalogy)

ASEAN(fromtheAssociationforSouth-EastAsianNations,byacronymy)

ROM(fromread-onlymemory,byinitialism)

Bit(frombinary+digit,byblending))

Babysit(frombabysitter,byback・fonnatioii)

cock-a・doodle・do(fromthesoundproducedbycock,byonomatopoeia))

grunt(fromthesoundproducedbypig,byonomatopoeia)

8・Whatareclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords?

Awordthatbelongstotheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Therefore,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.,areallcloseditems.

Theopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.

Withtheemergenceofnewideas,inventions,etc.,newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.

Chapter4Syntax

1.Whatissyntax?

Syntaxisasub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Specifically,Itisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysinwhichwords,wordgroupsandphrasesarejoinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweensententialelements.

2.Whatisasimple,compound,orcomplexsentence?

Asimplesentenceismadeupofoneindependentclausewithdependentclauseattached.Itconsistsofatleastonesubjectandonepredicate.Eitherthesubjectorthecomplementmaybecompound(consistingofmorethanoneelementjoinedwithacoordina

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