21世纪研究生英语综合教程1课后答案.docx

21世纪研究生英语综合教程1课后答案.docx

《21世纪研究生英语综合教程1课后答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《21世纪研究生英语综合教程1课后答案.docx（34页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

21世纪研究生英语综合教程1课后答案

第一单元TextATaxCompetitionSpursGlobalization

Keytotheexercises

1Readingcomprehension

（1）Theeconomicforcesbehindglobalizationincluderisingtradeandinvestmentflows,greaterlabormobility,andrapidtransfersoftechnology.Thosetrendshavebeenstimulatedbythederegulationoffinancialmarkets,reductionsintradebarriers,andlowercommunicationcosts.

（2）Mosteconomistssupportglobalizationbecauseitraisestheincomesofpeopleworldwide.Anotherlessernoticedbenefitisthatitmakesitharderforgovernmentstosustainexcessivelyhightaxrates.Wheneconomicintegrationincreases,individualsandbusinessesgainthefreedomtotakeadvantageoflowtaxratesabroad.

（3）ItshowsthatsomesmartnationslikeIrelandaretreatinginternationaltaxcompetitionasanopportunity,notathreat.

（4）First,hightaxcountrieshaveurgedinternationalorganizationstoreducetaxcompetition.Second,manynationsareaddinglayersofcomplexrulesonbusinessestodiscouragethemfrominvestingabroad,ratherthanreducingtaxburdenssothatbusinesseswanttoinvestathome.

（5）BecausetherearemoreopportunitiesandlowertaxesincitiessuchasLondon.

（6）TheauthorcitesthecaseofIrelandtoshowthatwiththereductionoftaxes,alargenumberofimmigrantsareattracted,andpeopleathomeareunwillingtomigrateout.Theloweronecountry’staxis,themoreskilledpeoplewillbeattracted.

（7）Becausemarketcompetitionencouragesproductionefficiency.Taxcompetitionprovidesanincentivetoimprovegovernmentefficiency.Forexample,theFederalgovernmentisnolongeramonopoly—Americansnowareabletoinvestabroad,retireinalowtaxCaribbeancountry,ormovetheirbusinesstolowtaxIreland.Accordingly,theFederalgovernmentneedstoreformthetaxcodeandprovideservicesmoreefficientlytoencourageAmericansandtheirmoneytostayathome.

（8）Taxcompetitionamongcountriesshouldbeawin-winpolicy,asitrestrainsgovernmentsandhelpsspurglobaleconomicgrowth.

2Vocabulary

（1）spurd

（2）curtailg（3）percaptiak（4）regimei（5）celebrityb（6）mergem（7）highlightc（8）akinf（9）stiflen（10）deducta

3Paraphrase

（1）Untilnow,basiceconomicforceshavegonebeyond（outweigh）politicaleffortstomakethistrendslow.Effortstoopposeeconomicglobalizationhaveextendedfromanti-globalizationproteststoCongressionallawmakingtopreventAmericancompaniesfrombuildingsubsidiarybusinessinforeigncountries.

（2）Somenationsaretreatingtaxcompetitionasauselessanddisadvantageousthing.Hightaxcountrieshaveurgedinternationalorganizations,suchastheorganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment（OECD）,toease（curtail）taxcompetition.

（3）Andmanynationsareformulatingaseriesofcomplexrulesonbusinessessoastotrytokeepthemfrominvestingabroad,insteadofreducingtaxburdenssothatbusinessesarewillingtoinvestathome.

（4）TheU.S.isdividedinto（fallinto）thisgroupbecauseithasoneofthehighestcorporatetaxrates.Nevertheless,Americacontinuestoputoff（推迟）reformingtaxpolicies,whichisexpectedforalongtime.

（5）Internationalinvestorshavebeenaffectedeasilybychangesanddifferencesbetweennationaltaxratesastheirinvestmentchoiceshaveincreased.

（6）Anothernoticeableissueisthatmanybusinessesusedtoinvestinforeigncountryonlywanttotaketheopportunityforfixedresources,suchasoildeposits.Today,manyindustries-suchasfinanceandservices-arefreetoinvestandcansetupnewfirmsanywhere（footloose）.

（7）Forexample,inrecentyearsCanadianpolicymakershavetoconsiderimportantissuethatagroupofskilledandtalentedpeoplefromtechnologyindustriesinCanadahaveemigratetoitslowertaxsouthernneighbor,theU.S.

（8）Formanyyears,youngIrishpeoplewenttoAmericaandotherforeigncountries,andtriedtofindawaytoliveabetterlife.ButafterIrelandreducedindividualtaxandthenquicklycutcorporatetax,thepatternofoutmigrationwaschangedaroundcompletelyinthiscountry.

（9）Tokeeptheskilledlaborfromleavingtheirowncountrytoothercountries,governmentshadtodirectspendingandtaxlevelstosatisfylocalresidents.InwhichcountryIndividualschosetoresidentaccordingtotheirdemandforpublicgoodsrelativetolocaltaxlevels.

（10）IftheU.S.makesprogressintaxreform,othernationswouldprobablyreformtheirtaxesinthesameway（followsuit）,astheydidwhentheU.S.reducedratesinthe1980s.

4Cloze

（1）and

（2）understand（3）about（4）sides（5）what（6）bad（7）nor（8）properly（9）destroy（10）says（11）which（12）stronger（13）behind（14）up（15）While（16）unique（17）dark（18）benefits（19）from（20）rule

5Translation

ATranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

由于殖民地与许多海外地区的大量贸易，所有欧洲重要商业国以及它们在西半球领地的金银铸币在北美东海岸都可以自由交换。

由于法律不允许英国货币从英国流向殖民地，相比之下，西班牙的货币更加重要。

这些货币在墨西哥城及利马铸造，再进入西班牙殖民地。

西班牙币在殖民地被普遍使用，以至于这种硬币最后成为美国货币单位。

虽然早在1652年马萨诸塞率先铸造低含金量的硬币，但殖民地最后转而印制纸币以补充短缺且不可靠的货币供给。

著名人士的期票与签发给英国商人的汇票几个月内就能顺利转手。

此外，各个殖民地的财政部门开始在收税前签发期票，同时向城镇官员下达书面命令要求当地店铺履行付款义务，如其他可转让的单据一样，这些票据经背书后可作为货币进行交换。

BTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

（1）WithChina’ssuccessfulentryintotheWTO,stateownedbanks（国有银行）arefacedwithmoreandmorepressure.Thebigbankintendstomergewithtwosmallbankssoastoquicklysolvetheproblemofcapitalinsufficiencyandenlargeitsscale.

（2）Becauseoftherecessionary（经济衰退）effectonglobaleconomyandinflation（通货膨胀）,manysmallbusinessesinthiscityhavegonebankruptorhavebeenswallowedupbygiantcorporations.Itleadstoalargenumberofworkersfacingunemployment.

（3）Hedidn’tmarryher,becausehefeltthatalthoughpitywascloselyakintolove,theywerestilldifferent.Hewaseagertomarryforlove,notpity.

（4）Webbasedtrainingandlearningseemstobeaperfectwaytoreachahugepoolofpotentialstudents,aswellascurtailthehighinfrastructureandpersonnelcostsoftraditionalschooling.

（5）Withthegrowingofthistown’seconomy,localgovernmentintendstotailoredafirstclassnursinghomefortheneedsoftheelderly.

（6）Thederegulationoffinancialmarketstakenbygovernmentisveryhelpfultoeconomicalglobalization,but,atthesametime,itbringssomeunpleasantinfluencesondomesticeconomy.

（7）Iwishmylittlebrotherwoulddesistfromplayingnetworkgamesallday,otherwisehewouldhavetodiscontinuehisstudies.

（8）Oneshopbegantoprolongtheshophours,andallothershopsalongthesamestreetfollowedsuit.

（9）Followingthedramaticcurrencydepreciations（货币贬值）inmanyEastAsianeconomiesin1997,thesecountriessufferedsharpandlingeringrecessions.Thisoutcomerunscountertothenotionthatdepreciationsoughttoboostoutputbecausetheymakedomesticallyproducedgoodscheaper.

1Thebenefitsofthescheme（方案）outweigh（超过）thedisadvantages.

Thelikelydangersoftraditionalinternationalismarestartingtooutweighanyplausible（可信的）benefits.

2TheU.S.airlineindustryhasbeenderegulated（解除控制）since1978.

Thegovernmentsetoffaconsumerspendingboomlastyearbyderegulatingshophours.

3touseaparticularsituationtodoorgetwhatyouwant

4totreatsomeoneunfairlyinordertogetwhatyouwant,especiallysomeonewhoisgenerousoreasilypersuaded

5getaccessto:

togetopportunitiesorrighttousesomethingortoapproachsomebody

Thespymadegreatefforttogetaccesstoclassifiedinformation（机密信息）.

6Yourresume（简历）shouldhighlightyourskillsandachievements.

7Wetailoredthepartspecificallyforher.

8Somethingakintopanicoverwhelmedhim.

9Intheinterest（s）ofsafety（forthesakeof）,nosmokingisallowed.

第二单元TextAClimateTalksCollapse:

Rejoice,Rejoice!

Keytotheexercises

1Readingcomprehension

（1）Thissentencerevealsthattheauthordidn’tfeeldisappointedaboutthecollapseoftheconference.Instead,hethoughtitwasagoodthinginthelongrun.Asimilarattitudeisalsoembeddedinsentenceslike“climatetalkscollapse:

rejoice,rejoice!

”,“Andthen,thankGod,itallcollapsed.”and“wearebetteroffwithacleanslatethanaweakprecedent”.

（2）First,thetargetsdecidedontheconferencearetoomeasly,morethantentimeslessthanweneedtostabilizetheproblem.Eveniftheconferencehadbeenasuccess,thecrisiswouldstillnotbeabletobediverted.Second,oncetheagreementhadbeenmade,politicianswouldstopwastingtheirtimeonclimateproblemsforsometime,givingthepublicafalseimpressionthatsomethingwasbeingdone.What’smore,somedevelopedcountrieswouldfrequentlyuse“flexiblemechanisms”todelude.Sotheauthorthoughtthecollapsewasforthebest.

（3）Accordingtothetext,therealsolutiontotheclimatecrisisistoadapteconomics.Forexample,unnecessarydependenceontheglobaleconomyshouldbeshiftedtowardsdependenceonthelocaleconomy,andinfrastructureshouldbeestablishedtofreeusfromdependenceonfossilfuels,andwindpowershouldbebetterexploitedtoavoidmorepollution.

（4）Theauthorthoughtthisclaimwasridiculous.Hethoughtifwedidnottakeaction,thecostwouldbemuchmore.So,accordingtohim,itwasworthwhileforustotakeactiontocombatclimatecrisiscomparedwiththelosscausedbynaturaldisasters.

（5）Theauthorconsideredthisasawaste,becausethechancefortheoccurrenceofanattackfromanuclearstateisslim.Towastemoneyonsomethingunlikelytohappenisautomaticallyunwise.Hethoughtitwouldbebettertospendthesamesumonthepreventionofthedeteriorationofclimate,whichhasagreaterpossibilitytohappen.

2Vocabulary

（1）Thestoryaboutafatheradopted199childrenwassplashedacrossthefrontpageofthelocalnewspapers.

（2）Shewastoldtobepunctualfortheappointment,but