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turnrequiresimprovingtheircompetitiveness

Sincethebeginningofthe1990sRomaniahasexperiencedmajorchanges

initstourismexportsvolumegrowthrateandstructureThesedisparateuc-

tuationshaveallinuencedtherelativecompetitivepositionofRomaniaon

theinternationaltourismmarketandhavebeenassociatedwithchangesinits

tourismtradebalanceInthesametimethenewandmoreheterogeneousEuro-

peanarchitecturehasinducedsignicantchangesin

Romaniasregionaltourism

competitiveness

Againstthisbackgroundthepaperattemptstosuggestaframeworkforassessing

theinternationalcompetitivenessofRomaniastourismservicestradebyfocusing

ontherelationshipbetweencompetitivenessandtourismtradeperformance

Tothisendtherstpartstartsbyintroducingtheconceptofinternational

competitivenessandbypresentingevaluatingandsystematizingkeyissuesofthe

complexanalysisoninternationalcompetitivenessThepapersubsequentlyconsid-

erstherelationshipbetweenexportperformanceandinternationalcompetitiveness

aswellasitsrelevanceforinternationaltourismThesecondpartincludesamacro

overviewofthetourismsectorfocusingspecicallyonitsimportancetotheecon-

omyThethirdpartofthepapersetsoutindetailtheframeworkforcalculatingthe

proposedmeasuresofcompetitivenessandshowstheimportanceofthemethod-

ologicalapproachininterpretingtheinformationprovidedbytheseindicatorsIt

alsoillustratestherecentperformanceofRomaniantourismbasedonanintegrated

ABobircaB

FacultyofInternationalBusinessandEconomicsAcademyofEconomicStudies

BucharestRomania

e-mailAnaBobircacom

á

MatiasetaledsAdvancesinTourismEconomics

189

DOI101007978-3-7908-2124-6_12CPhysica-VerlagHeidelberg2009

190ABobircaandCCristureanu

measureofinternationaltradecompetitivenessThepaperconcludesbyexplaining

thecompetitivepositionofRomaniaontheEuropeantourismmarketandby

identifyingresearchissuesthatrequirefurtherstudy

122PerspectivesonInternationalCompetitiveness–The

RelationshipBetweenExportPerformance

andInternationalCompetitiveness

anditsRelevanceforInternationalTourism

Theconceptofinternationalcompetitivenessalthoughcontroversialandelusive

hasgainedacceptanceandcontinuestoattracttheattentionofbothacademicsand

policymakersworldwide

Mostmeasuresofinternationalcompetitivenessthathavesofarbeenconsidered

wereundertakenattheeconomy-widelevelGarelli2003andgenerallyrefertothe

abilityofacountrytoproducegoodsandservicesthatmeetthetestofinternational

marketswhilesimultaneouslymaintainingandexpandingtherealincomeofits

citizensEuropeanCommission2007

Becausecompetitivenessultimatelydependsuponrmsinacountrycompeting

successfullyonthedomesticandinternationalmarketsattentionhasfocusedon

competitivenessatthermlevelPorter1990whereitisgenerallyunderstoodto

refertotheabilityofthermtoretainandbetterstillenlargeitsglobalmarket

shareincreaseitsprotsandexpandClarkandGuy1998OECD1993

Accordingtotraditionaleconomictheoryarmcangaincompetitiveadvan-

tagethroughcomparativecostofproductionbyforexamplereducinglaborcost

Howeverrecentresearchsuggeststhatnon-pricefactorsareequallyimportantdeter-

minantsofcompetitivenessTherangeofnon-pricefactorsisdiverseandincludes

humanresourceendowmentsuchasskillstechnicalfactorssuchasresearchand

developmentcapabilitiesandtheabilitytoinnovatemanagerialandorganizational

factorsbothinternaltothermandexternallyorganized

throughrelationships

withotherbodiescustomerssupplierspublicandprivateresearchinstitutesand

otherrmsClarkandGuy1998Fagerberg1986Togetherthesefactorsdeter-

minetheabilityofthermtocompetesuccessfullyininternationalmarketsonthe

backgroundofchangingtechnologicaleconomicandsocialenvironmentsExport

performanceandtheabilityofthermtomaintainitsmarketshareremainthe

ultimateindicatorsofinternationalcompetitiveness

Consequentlyalthoughwidelyproclaimedthetheoreticalbasesofinternational

competitivenessasitrelatestonationaleconomiesandtheirinternationaltradehave

beenlessanalyzedinacademicliteratureThusthenaturebenetsandconstraints

onanationofbeinginternationallycompetitiveremainambiguousColdwell2000

Krugman19941996

Internationalcompetitivenesswithinthecontextoftradeingoodsandservices

referstoanationsecuringandmaintainingatradeadvantagevis-à

-vistherestof

theworld

12EvidencefromRomania

191

Internationalcompetitivenessisadvancedwhenevertheeconomicwelfareofa

nationisenhancedthroughanincreaseintheowoftradeorthroughanalterationin

theconditionsoftradestartingfromapresumedinitialequilibriumColdwell2000

Tradetheoryassertsthateconomicwelfareisdependentontheproductionof

goodsandservicesthatacountryhascomparativeadvantageinThisineffect

meansthatinternationalcompetitivenessissecuredwhenproductionisinlinewitha

countryscomparativeadvantagesituationIfcountriesperformwellinternationally

andcompetesuccessfullyforexportmarketsthiscouldbeasignof

theirsound

internationalcompetitiveness

Thereforeattheinternationallevelcompetitivenesscanbedenedastheability

ofaneconomytoattractthedemandforitsexportsandtheinvestmenttosupply

thatdemandallwithinsocialnormsthatresultinanimprovedstandardofliving

foritscitizensThisinturndependsonthemacroandmicroeconomicpolicies

regulationsandinstitutionsthataffecttheproductivityoftheeconomysfactorsof

productionandthecostsofdoingbusiness

Areviewofavailableliteratureandempiricalevidencessupports

thenotionthat

internationalcompetitivenesscanbeexplainedtosomeextentbyacountrysabil-

itytoexportDollarandWolff1993Fagerbergetal2004Thereisinfacta

self-recurringrelationshipbetweenexportperformanceandinternationalcompet-

itivenessExportsaretherstlevelofinternationalcompetitivenessafrmation

Theimprovementinexportperformanceleadstoanincreaseinacountryscom-

petitivenessThiseffectisaresultofenterprisesskillsknowledgepropensityto

innovateandusenewtechnologyabilitytoexploittechnologicalopportunitiesina

successfullycommercialwayetc

Ontheotherhandinstrivingtoachievesuccessfulexportsinhighlycompeti-

tiveglobalmarketsacountryisforcedtoimproveitscompetitivenessThemore

competitiveacountryisthemoreeconomicallypowerfulitisConsequentlyitis

morecapabletocompeteontheglobalmarkettoattractpeoplewithhigherlevelof

knowledgeskillstobuynewtechnologiesetcandtoimproveitsexportperfor-

manceaswellastoachievebetterexportresultsThiscaninturnfavoradditional

innovationsandtriggeranimprovementinitscompetitiveness

Consequentlyexportperformanceandcompetitivenessshouldnotbeconsidered

inisolationsincetheyaremutuallyinterdependent

Howevercompetitivenessshouldnotbeequatedonlywithacountrysabilityto

exportTheevolutionofexportmarketsharesisalsoanimportantelementoftrade

competitivenesswhilethelatterisjustacomponentofanationscompetitiveness

denedbytheEuropeanDeclarationofLisbonasthecapacitytoimproveandraise

thestandardoflivingofitshabitantsbyprovidingmoreandhigherqualityemploy-

mentandagreatersocialcohesionThegainsorlossesofworldmarket

sharesby

individualcountriesareoftenconsideredasanindexoftheirtradecompetitiveness

HowevermarketsharegrowthdependsalsoonstructuralfactorsDuetochanges

indemandacountrysgeographicalandsectoralspecializationatthebeginning

ofaperiodisanimportantfactorshapingfuturemarketsharegrowthSimilarly

thecountrysabilitytoadaptitsexportstosuchchangeswillalsoaffectthenal

outcome

192ABobircaandCCristureanu

Furthermoretheconceptofinternationalcompetitivenessintourismservices

alsoencompassesqualitativefactorsthataredifculttoquantifythequalityof

servicesinvolvedthedegreeofspecializationthecapacityfortechnologicalinno-

vationthequalityofhumanresourcesRubalcabaandCuadrado2001arefactors

thatmayinuenceacountrystourismtradeperformancefavorablyLikewisehigh

ratesofproductivitygrowthareoftensoughtasawayofstrengtheningcompeti-

tivenessButitisnotnecessarilythecasethatfavorablestructuralfactorsofthis

sortwillgiverisetoincreasedsalesonforeignmarketsTheymay

insteadshow

upasimprovingtermsoftradebroughtaboutthroughexchange-rateappreciation

whileleavingexportperformancebroadlyunchangedItisforthisreasonaswell

asbecausethesefactorsarehardtomeasureinquantitativetermsthatconsideration

hereisconnedtoamorespecicandintegratedmethodfordeterminingRomanias

relativecompetitiveposition