高考英语阅读理解之 细节理解类典例剖析及专项练习.docx
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高考英语阅读理解之细节理解类典例剖析及专项练习
高考英语阅读理解---细节理解类--解题技巧及典例剖析
【考点清单】
一、细节理解类题目常见的设问方式
高考对细节理解的考查主要分为两种情况:
一是词语细节类,其答案基本可以直接从原文中找出来,考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照,就能迅速锁定答案;二是隐含细节类,这类题目虽然不能直接从原文找到对应的词汇或短语,但考生可以根据文章的隐含意义,如原因、方式或结果等获得答案。
细节理解类题目近几年高考常见的设同方式有:
1.Whencanyougoto...?
2.Wherecan...?
3.Whathappenedwhen...?
4.Whatcanpeopledo...?
5.Whatdoweknowabout...?
6.Whatisthereasonfor...?
7.Whatwasthereactionto...?
8.Whocanhelpyouifyouwantto...?
9.Whomadeagreatcontributionto...?
10.Whichnumbershouldyoucallifyou...?
11.Whichtendedtobe...accordingto...?
12.Atwhichplacecanpeople...?
13.Whichofthefollowingmayrequire...?
14.WhydoesPeterhaveto...?
15.Howdoes...differfrom...?
二、细节理解类题目常见的命题类型
1.直接信息题
该类试题多对原文中的信息进行直接考查。
做题时,考生首先找到原文中与题干要求相对应的信息,然后与选项内容进行对比即可确定答案。
2.细节排序题
该类试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,确定事件发生的先后顺序。
3.数字计算题
该类试题要求考生根据文中提供的文字、数字、图表等信息对年代、月份、费用、价格等进行计算。
4.间接信息题
该类试题四个选项中不直接出现原文的信息,而是借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文进行适当变换,让考生做出判断和选择。
三、干扰项常见的模式
1.是原文信息,但非题目要求的内容;
2.符合常识,但非文章内容;
3.与原句极为相似,只是略微有些变动;
4.与原文信息相矛盾;
5.部分正确,部分错误。
四、解答细节理解题,要求考生细心
在读文章之前先读题,对要考查的细节部分做简要记录,这样,在读文章时才能快而准地锁定目标信息,以便节省时间和减少反复寻找细节的麻烦。
对细节的考查通常涉及一些长难句,对此,不要惊慌,首先判断是简单句还是复合句,若是简单句,先找句子的主、谓、宾,理解其主要意义,再理解附属成分的意义。
若是复合句,先判断主句和从句,再分析各自的意义,最后理解整句意义。
【分类解析】
1.直接信息题
题干定位法
【典例】(2017·全国1,A片段)
PacificScienceCenterGuide
VisitPacificScienceCenter’sStore
Don'tforgettostopbyPacificScienceCenter'sStorewhileyouareheretopickupawonderfulscienceactivityorsouvenittorememberyourvisit.Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3rightnexttotheLaserDome
Hungry?
Ourexhibitswillfeedyourmind,butwhataboutyourbody?
Ourcafeoffersacompletemenuoflunchandsnackop-tions,inadditiontoseasonalspecials.Thecafeislocatedup-stairsinBuildingIandisopendailyuntilonehourbeforePa-cificScienceCentercloses
·RentalInformation
Lockersareavailabletostoreanybelongingsduringyourvisit.ThelockersarelocatedinBuildingIneartheInformationDeskandinBuilding3.Pushchairsandwheelchairsareavaila-bletorentattheInformationDeskandDennyWayentrance.IDrequired.
Q:
WherecanyoubuyasouveniratPacificScienceCen-
A.InBuilding1.
B.InBuilding3.
C.AttheLaserDome
D.AttheDennyWayentrance.
【解题思路】
第一步确定题干中的关键词
本题题干的关键词是:
where;souvenir
第二步根据关键词定位信息句
本题信息句是:
Don'tforgettostopbyPacificScienceCenter'sStorewhileyouareheretopickupawonderfulscienceactivityorsouvenirtorememberyourvisit.Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3rightnexttotheLaserDome
答案:
B
【干扰项分析】
A、C、D三项张冠李戴。
位于一号楼的咖啡馆和问询处等均不出售纪念品,排除A项;文章第一部分提到商店紧按着LaserDome,而不是说在LaserDome可以买纪念品,排除C项;根据文章第三部分中的“PushchairsandwheelchairsareavailabletorentattheInformationDeskandDennyWayentrance."可知,在DennyWay的入口处可以租借婴儿车和轮而不能买纪念品,排除D项。
2.间接信息题——断章取义法
断章取义法
【典例1】(2016·全国I,A片段)
SandraDayO'Connor(1930-present)
WhenSandraDayO'ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawrmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastateenator(参议员)and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointheU.SupremeCourt.O'Connorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyim-ortantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.
......
Q:
WhatwasthereasonforO'Connor'sbeingrejectedby
A.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.
B.Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.
C.Thediscriminationagainstwomen.
D.Thepoorfinancialconditions.
【解题思路】
第一步确定题干中的关键词
本题题干的关键词是:
O'Connor;thelawfirm
第二步根据关键词定位信息句
本题的信息句是:
WhenSandraDayOConnorfinishedinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.
第三步对比信息句和选项,得出答案
根据信息句可知,0'Connor找不到工作是因为她是一名女生。
可见,这是由于当时对女性的偏见和歧视造成的。
答案:
C
3.事件排序题——首尾排除法
时间排序题
典例(2014·四川,C)
Aschoolgirlsavedherfather'slifebykickinghiminthechestafterhesufferedaseriousallergic(过敏的)reactionwhichstoppedhisheart.
Izzy,nine,restartedfatherColm'sheartbystamping(踩)onhischestafterhefelldownathomeandstoppedbreathing.
Izzy'smother,Debbie,immediatelycalled999butIzzyknewdoctorswouldneverarriveintimetosaveherfather,sodecidedtouseCPR.
However,shequicklydiscoveredherarmsweren'tstrongenough,soshestampedonherfather'schestinstead.
Debbiethentookoverwithsomemoreconventionalchescompressions(按压)untiltheambulancearrived.
Izzy,whohasbeengivenabraveryawardbyherschool,said:
"Ijustkickedhimreallyhard.MymumtaughtmeCPRbutIknewIwasn'tstrongenoughtousehands.Iwasquitescared.ThedoctorsaidImightaswellbeadoctororanurse.MymumsaidthatDadwasgoingtohospitalwithabigfootprintonhischest."
"She'salittlestar,"saidDebbie."IwasreallyupsetbutIzzyjusttookover.Ijustcan'tbelievewhatshedid.Ireallythinkallchildrenshouldbetaughtfirstaid.IzzydidCPRthenthedoctorturnedup.Colmhadtohavemoretreatmentonthewaytothehospitalandwe'vegottoseeanexpert."
TruckdriverColm,35,sufferedamysteryallergicreactiononSaturdayandwastakentohospital,butwassenthomeonlyforittohappenagainthenextday.Thesecondattackwassoseriousthathisairwaysweventinghimfrombreathing,hisbloodpressuredroppedsuddenly,andhisheartstoppedforamoment.
Hehasnowmadeafullrecoveryfromhissuffering.
Q:
What'stherightorderoftheevents?
①.DlzzykickedColm.
②.Debbiecalled999.
③.lzzylearnedCPR.
④.Colm'sheartstopped.
A.③①②④
B.④②③①
C.③④②①
D.④③①②
【解题思路】
第一步速读文章,了解故事情节
由上下文可知,lzzy先前了解了一些CPR的知识,后来她父亲因过敏反应,心脏停止了工作,Izzy的母亲Debbie拨打了999急救电话,然后lzzy采取了急救措施。
第二步找出四个事件发生的先后顺序
事件一:
③lzzylearnedCPR.
事件二:
④Colm'sheartstopped.
事件三:
②Debbiecalled999.
事件四:
①IzzykickedColm.
答案:
C
1.数字计算题——查读分析法
査读分析法
本题的信息句是:
1Now,thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheyw【典例】(2015·四川,C片段)
AcrossBritain,burnttoastwillbeservedtomothersinbedhismomingasoldersonsanddaughtersrushtodelivertheirsu-bermarketbunchesofflowers.But,accordingtoanewstudy,weshouldbeplacingahighervalueonmotherhoodallyear.
Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustisheavyaspaidwork.Now,thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheywerepaidfortheirparentallabours,theywouldearnasmuchas(172,000ayear.
Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo,aswellasthehourstheyareworking,todeterminethefigure.Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome$30,000morethanthePrimeMinis-terearns.
Q:
HowmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkingasthePrimeMinister?
A.$30,000
B.$142,000.
C.$172,000.
D$202,000.
【解题思路】
第一步确定题干中的关键词
本题题干中的关键词是:
mother;thePrimeMinister
第二步根据关键词定位信息句
erepaidfortheirparentallabours,theywouldearnmuchas172.000ayear.
2Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome30.000more
thanthePrimeMinistercams.
答案:
B(172.000-30.000=142.000
2.正误判断题——逐项击破法
去伪存真法
典例1(2016·四川,D)
Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebechoiceforthosewantingagoodnight'ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff-ifitismilkedfrom
acowatnight.
Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.
Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,in-volvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefrommilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.
Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timesthea-mountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.
Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.
Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofalla-sleepareviousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcel-lentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax
Milkisalsosugar-freeandadditive-freewithnutritionistsmendingskimmedmilkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight
Q:
Whichofthefollowingistrueofmelatoninaccordingtothetext?
A.It'sbeentestedonmicefortentimes.
B.Itcanmakepeoplemoreenergetic
C.Itexistsinmilkingreatamount.
D.It'susedinsleepingdrugs.
【解题思路】
第一步根据关键间找出相关信息句
本题的信息句是:
A:
Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdayime...
B:
Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenprovenhelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiely.
C:
Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin...
D:
...takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingwiallasleepatnight.
第二步对比选项与信息句,逐项击破
A项与信息句毫无关联;
B项与信息句意思相反;
C项范围扩大化;
D项与信息句符合。
答案:
D
典例2(2017·天津,B片段)
Fifteenyearsago,ItookasummervacationinLecceinsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingupahillforapanoramic(全景的)viewofthebluesea,whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees,
Ipausedtocatchmybreathandthenpositionedmyselftotakethebestphotoofthispanora
Unfortunately,justasItookoutmycamera,awomanap-proachedfrombehind,andplantedherselfrightinfrontofmyview.Likeme,thiswomanwasheretostop,sighandappreci-atetheview.
PatientasIwas,afterabout15minutes,mycamerascan-ningthesunandreviewingtheshotIwouldeventuallytake,Igrewfrustrated.WasittoomuchtoaskhertomovesoIcouldtakejustonepictureofthela