在职研究生复习资料.docx

在职研究生复习资料.docx

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在职研究生复习资料

在职研究生复习资料

SectionOne:

ReadingComprehension

Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel:

“storeintherefrigerator.”

InmyfridgelessFiftieschildhood.Iwasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkmancamedaily:

thegrocer,thebutcher（肉商）,thebaker,andtheice-creammandeliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesdayandsurplus（剩余的）breadandmilkbecameallkindsofcakes.Nothingwaswasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearson,fooddeliverieshaveceased,andfreshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry.

Theinventionoffridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Avastwayofwell-triedtechniquesalreadyexisted----naturalcooling,drying,smoking,salting,sugaring,bottling…

Whatrefrigeratordidpromotewasmarketing----marketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.

Consequently,mostoftheworld’sfridgesaretobefound,notinthetropicswheretheymightproveuseful,butinthewealthycountrieswithmildtemperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyalmostunnecessary.Everywinter,millionsoffridgeshumawaycontinuously,andatvastexpense,busilymaintaininganartificially-cooledspaceinsideanartificially-heatedhouse----whileoutside,natureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharge.

Thefridge’seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon’tbelieveme,tryityourself,investinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers,butatleastyouwillgetridofthatterriblehum.

1.Thestatement“InmyfridgelessFiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.”（Para.2）suggeststhat________.

A.theauthorwaswellfedandhealthyevenwithoutafridgeinhisfifties

B.theauthorwasnotaccustomedtousingfridgeseveninhisfifties

C.therewasnofridgeintheauthor’shomeinthe1950s

D.thefridgewasinitsearlystageofdevelopmentinthe1950s

2.Whydoestheauthorsaythatnothingwaswastedbeforetheinventionoffridge?

A.Peoplewouldnotbuymorefoodthanwasnecessary.

B.Foodwasdeliveredtopeopletwoorthreetimesaweek.

C.Foodwassoldfreshanddidnotgetrotteneasily.

D.Peoplehadeffectivewaystopreservetheirfood.

3.Whobenefitedtheleastfromfridgesaccordingtotheauthor?

A.InventorsC.Manufacturers

B.ConsumersD.Travelingsalesmen

4.Whichofthefollowingphrasesinthefifthparagraphindicatesthefridge’snegativeeffectontheenvironment?

A.“Humawaycontinuously”.

B.“Artificially-cooledspace”.

C.“Climaticallyalmostunnecessary”.

D.“Withmildtemperatures”.

5.Whatistheauthor’soverallattitudetowardfridges?

A.NeutralC.Objective

B.CriticalD.Compromising

Thehumanbraincontains10thousandbillioncellsandeachofthesemayhaveathousandconnections.Suchenormousnumbersusedtodiscourageusandcauseustodismissthepossibilityofmakingamachinewithhuman-likeability,butnowthatwehavegrownusedtomovingforwardatsuchapacewecanbelesssure.Quitesoon,inonly10or20yearsperhaps,wewillbeabletoassembleamachineascomplexasthehumanbrain,andifwecanwewill.Itmaythentakeusalongtimetorenderitintelligentbyloadingintherightsoftwareorbyalteringthearchitecturebutthattoowillhappen.

Ithinkitcertainthatindecades,notcenturies,machinesofsilicon（硅）willarisefirsttorivalandthenexceedtheirhumanancestors.Oncetheyexceedustheywillbecapableoftheirowndesign.Inarealsensetheywillbeabletoreproducethemselves.Siliconwillhaveendedcarbon’slongcontrol.Andwewillnolongerbeabletoclaimourselvestobethefinestintelligenceintheknownuniverse.

Astheintelligenceofrobotsincreasetomatchthatofhumansandastheircostdeclinesthrougheconomiesofsale,wemayusethemtoexpandourfrontiers,firstonearththroughtheirabilitytowithstandenvironments,harmfultoourselves.Thus,desertsmaybloomandtheoceanbedsmaybemined.Furtherahead,byacombinationofthegreatwealththisnewagewillbringandthetechnologyitwillprovide,theconstructionofavast,man-createdworldinspace,hometothousandsormillionsofpeople,willbewithinourpower.

6.Inwhatwaycanwemakeamachineintelligent?

A.Bymakingitworkinsuchenvironmentsasdeserts,oceansorspace.

B.Byworkinghardfor10or20years.

C.Byeitherproperlyprogrammingorchangingitsstructure.

D.Byreproducingit.

7.Whatdoesthewriterthinkaboutmachineswithhuman-likeability?

A.Hebelievestheywillbeusefultohumanbeings.

B.Hebelievesthattheywillcontrolusinthefuture.

C.Heisnotquitesureinwhatwaytheymayinfluenceus.

D.Hedoesn’tconsidertheconstructionofsuchmachinespossible.

8.Theword“carbon”standsfor__________.

A.intelligentrobotsB.anorganicsubstance

C.achemicalelementD.humanbeings

9.Arobotcanbeusedtoexpandoutfrontierswhen__________.

A.itsintelligenceandcostarebeyondquestion

B.itisabletobeartheroughenvironment

C.itismadeascomplexashumanbeings

D.itsarchitectureisdifferentfromthatofthepresentones

10.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat__________.

A.aftertheinstallationofagreatnumberofcellsandconnections,robotswillbecapableofself-reproduction.

B.withtherapiddevelopmentoftechnology,peoplehavecometorealizethepossibilityofmakingamachinewithhuman-likeability.

C.oncewemakeamachineascomplexasthehumanbrains,itwillpossessintelligence.

D.robotswillhavecontrolofthevast,man-madeworldinspace.

AftertheviolentearthquakethatshookLosAngelesin1994,earthquakescientistshavegoodnewstoreport:

Thedamageanddeathtollcouldhavebeenmuchworse.

Morethan60peoplediedinthisearthquake.Bycomparison,anearthquakeofsimilarintensitythatshookAmericain1988claimed25,000victims.

InjuriesanddeathswererelativelylessinLosAngelesbecausethequakeoccurredat4:

31a.m.onaholiday,whentrafficwaslightonthecity’shighway.Inaddition,changesmadetotheconstructioncodesinLosAngelesduringthelast20yearshavestrengthenedthecity’sbuildingsandhighways,makingthemmoreresistanttoquakes.

Despitethegoodnews,civilengineersaren’trestingontheirsuccess.Pinnedtotheirdrawingboardsareblueprints（蓝图）forimprovedquake-resistantbuildings.Thenewdesignsshouldofferevengreatersecuritytocitieswhereearthquakesoftentakeplace.

Inthepast,makingstructuresquake-resistantmeantfirmyetflexiblematerial,suchassteelandwood,thatbendwithoutbreaking.Later,peopletriedtoliftabuildingoffitsfoundation,andinsertrubberandsteelbetweenthebuildingsanditsfoundationtoreducetheimpactofthegroundvibrations.Themostrecentdesigngivesbuildingsbrainsaswellasconcreteandsteelsupports.Calledsmartbuildings,thestructurerespondlikelivingorganismstoanearthquake’svibration.Whenthegroundshakesandthebuildingtipforward,thecomputerwouldforcethebuildingtoshiftintheoppositedirection.

Thenewsmartstructurescouldbeveryexpensivetobuild.However,theywouldsavemanylivesandwouldbelesslikelytobedamagedduringearthquakes.

11.OnereasonwhythelossoflivesintheLosAngelesearthquakewascomparativelylowisthat__________.

A.newcomputershavebeeninstalledinthebuildings

B.itoccurredintheresidentialarearatherthanonthehighway

C.largenumbersofLosAngelesresidentshadgoneforaholiday

D.improvementshadbeenmadeintheconstructionofthebuildingandhighway

12.Thefunctionofthecomputermentionedinthepassageisto__________.

A.counterbalanceanearthquake’sactiononthebuilding

B.predictthecomingofanearthquakewithaccuracy

C.helptostrengthenthefoundationofthebuilding

D.measuretheimpactofanearthquake’svibration

13.Thesmartbuildingsdiscussedinthepassage__________.

A.wouldcauseseriousfinancialproblems

B.wouldbeworthwhilethoughcostly

C.wouldincreasethecomplexityofarchitecturaldesign

D.canreducethegroundvibrationscausedbyearthquakes

14.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinminimizingthedamagecausedbyearthquakesattentionshouldbefocusedon__________.

A.theincreasinguseofrubberandsteelincapitalconstruction

B.thedevelopmentofflexiblebuildingmaterials

C.thereductionoftheimpactofgroundvibrations

D.earlyforecastofearthquakes

15.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthispassageisto__________.

A.comparetheconsequencesoftheearthquakesthatoccurredintheU.S.

B.encouragecivilengineerstomakemoreextensiveuseofcomputers

C.outlinethehistoryofthedevelopmentofearthquake-resistantbuildingmaterials

D.reportnewdevelopmentinconstructingquake-resistantbuildings

Evenplantscanrunafever,especiallywhenthey’reunderattackbyinsectsordiseases.Butunlikehumans,plantscanhavetheirtemperaturetakefrom3000feetaway----straightup.Adecadeago,adaptingtheinfrared（远红外）scanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposesandothersatellites,physicistStephenPaleycameupwithaquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodeterminewhichonesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmerspreciselytargetpesticide（杀虫剂）sprayingratherthanrainpoisononawholefield,whichinvariablyincludedplantsthatdidn’thavepest（害虫）problems.

Evenbetter,Paley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblemsbefore