《高考真题》高考英语母题题源系列专题06 阅读理解环保类解析版.docx
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《高考真题》高考英语母题题源系列专题06阅读理解环保类解析版
专题06阅读理解(环保类)
【母题来源一】【2019·北京卷,D】环保类
Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.
Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.
Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.
StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”
42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?
A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.
B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.
C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.
D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.
43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?
A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.SignificantD.Unnoticeable
44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.
B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges
C.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate
D.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.
45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?
A.Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges
B.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain
C.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans
D.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。
一项最新研究表明,由于气候变暖,世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。
这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物,因为光线反射的作用,它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。
但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。
气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征,并影响浮游植物的生长。
42.B
【解析】段落大意题。
第一段“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知,到本世纪末,一项新的研究表明,由于气候变暖,如果不尽快的话,世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。
结合第二段“Attheheartphenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganismscalledphytoplankton.Becaustofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktonscreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentration”可知,这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物,在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。
海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等,这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。
由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。
分析选项可知B符合题意,故选B。
43.A
【解析】词义猜测题。
根据划线词后的“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunshineandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.”可知,气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征,并会影响浮游植物的生长。
由此可判断“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swamningtrend”可知,浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。
可知A项正确。
44.D
【解析】推理判断题。
根据第四段“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测,目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。
但是在一些水域,比如北极,气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟,而这些水域会变得更绿了”。
由此可推断,浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟,浮游动植物就更多了,这些水域会变得更绿了。
分析选项可知D项符合题意。
45.C
【解析】目的意图题。
第一段提出文章的主旨“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知到本世纪末。
一项新的研究表明,由于气候变暖,如果不尽快的话,世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。
再结合第三段“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarningtrendWarmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,…”可知,“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响,变暖改变了海洋的关键特征,并能影响浮游植物的生长”。
可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。
故选C。
【母题来源二】【2019·天津卷,C】环保类
Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)work?
Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?
Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?
Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.
Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.
Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.
Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.
Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.
46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?
A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.
B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.
C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.
D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.
47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______
A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewprey
C.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace
48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?
A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.
B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.
C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.
D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.
49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?
A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.
B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.
C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.
D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.
50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?
A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.
B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.
C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.
D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。
本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型,科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。
科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点,它们很难再回来。
该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动,这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃,或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来,预防是关键。
46.B
【解析】细节理解题。
根据第一段的Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知,借助食物网的数学模型,科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。
故选B。
47.C
【解析】细节理解题。
根据第一段的Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知,当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物,这两个物种是紧密相连的。
故选C。
48.D
【解析】推理判断题。
根据第二段的Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack可知,处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制,由此可推断出,如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降,其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。
故选D。
49.A
【解析】推理判断题。
根据第四段的Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline可知,人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃,由此可推断出,不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。
故选A。
50.D
【解析】细节理解题。
根据最后一段的Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.可知,早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。
故选D。
【母题来源三】【2019·浙江卷,C】、
Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).
Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsabove