英美文学复习资料.docx

英美文学复习资料.docx

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英美文学复习资料

英美文学

I.本期讲过的所有名家名作

II．名词术语:

Ode

——inancientliterature,isanelaboratelyricalpoemposedforachorustochantandtodanceto;inmodernuse,itisarhymedlyricexpressingnoblefeelings,oftenaddressedtoapersonorcelebratinganevent.

Alliteration

——Itisaformofinitialrhyme,orheadrhyme.

Itistherepetitionofthesamesoundorsoundsatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatarenexttoorclosetoeachother.

e.g.Hecameonundertheclouds,clearlysawatlast

Rage-inflamed,wreckage-bent,berippedopen

Kenning

——afigurativelanguageinordertoaddbeautytoordinaryobjects.Itisametaphorusuallyposedoftwowords,whichbeestheformulaforaspecialobject.

e.g.Helmetbearer——warrior

Swanroad——thesea

Theworldcandle——thesun

Repetition&Variation

e.g.Grendel/Thespoiler/warlikecreature/

thefoe/horriblemonster

Ahostofyoungsoldiers/apanyof

Kinsmen/awholewarrior-band

Caesura

——everylineconsistsoftwoclearlyseparatedhalflinesbetweenwhichisapause,calledcaesura.

e.g.Grendelstalking;God’sbrandwasonhim.

thegold-hallofmen,themead-drinkingplace

nailedwithgoldplates.Thatwasnotthefirstvisit

Ballad

——isaformofverse,oftenanarrativesettomusic.BalladswereparticularlycharacteristicofthepopularpoetryandsongoftheBritishIslesfromthelatermedievalperioduntilthe19thcenturyandusedextensivelyacrossEuropeandlatertheAmericas,AustraliaandNorthAfrica.Manyballadswerewrittenandsoldassinglesheetbroadsides.Theformwasoftenusedbypoetsandposersfromthe18thcenturyonwardstoproducelyricalballads.Inthelater19thcenturyittookonthemeaningofaslowformofpopularlovesongandthetermisnowoftenusedassynonymouswithanylovesong,particularlythepoporrockpowerballad.

Epic

——isalengthynarrativepoem,ordinarilyconcerningaserioussubjectcontainingdetailsofheroicdeedsandeventssignificanttoacultureornation.Thefirstepicsareknownasprimary,ororiginal,epics.OnesuchepicistheOldEnglishstoryBeowulf.EpicsthatattempttoimitatetheselikeMilton’sParadiseLostareknownasliterary,orsecondary,epics.

ØThesixmaincharacteristics:

1.Theheroisoutstanding.Hemightbeimportant,andhistoricallyorlegendarilysignificant.

2.Thesettingislarge.Itcoversmanynations,ortheknownworld.

3.Theactionismadeofdeedsofgreatvalororrequiringsuperhumancourage.

4.Supernaturalforces—gods,angels,demons—insertthemselvesintheaction.

5.Itiswritteninaveryspecialstyle.

6.Thepoettriestoremainobjective.

Sonnet（ItalianSonnet,ShakespeareanSonnet,SpenserianSonnet,MiltonicSonnet）

①Italiansonnet

vcreatedbyGiaodaLentini,headoftheSicilianSchool.

vPetrarch（1304-1374）mostfamousearlysonneteer

vItfallsintotwomainparts:

vanoctaverhyming“abbaabba〞（setupaproblem）+volta

vfollowedbyasestetrhyming“cdecde〞orsomevariant,suchas“cdccdc〞（answer）

②English/Shakespeareansonnet

vThegreatestpractitioner:

WilliamShakespeare

vthreequatrainsfollowedbyacouplet

voftenpresentsarepetition-with-variationofastatementineachofthethreequatrains

vThefinalcoupletintheEnglishsonnetusuallyimposesanepigrammaticturnattheend.

——afourteen-linepoemofiambicpentameters.Thisformismadeupof3quatrainsandacouplet,rhyming：

ababcdcdefefgg

③Spenseriansonnet

vAvariantontheEnglishformistheSpenseriansonnet,namedafterEdmundSpenser

vthreequatrainsconnectedbytheinterlockingrhymeschemeandfollowedbyacouplet

vtherhymeschemeisabab,bcbc,cdcd,ee

——hastherhymeschemeababbcbccdcdeeandnobreakbetweentheoctave（aneightlinestanza）andthesestet（asixlinestanza）.ItisnamedaftertheElizabethanpoetEdmundSpenser.

④MiltonicSonnet

Conceit

——inliterature,aconceitisanextendedmetaphorwithaplexlogicthatgovernsapoeticpassageorentirepoem.Byjuxtaposing,usurpingandmanipulatingimagesandideasinsurprisingways,aconceitinvitesthereaderintoamoresophisticatedunderstandingofanobjectofparison.ExtendedconceitsinEnglisharepartofthepoeticidiomofMannerism,duringthelatersixteenthandearlyseventeenthcentury.

Simile

— is a figure of speech which makes a parison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in mon. Simile is almost always introduced by the following words:

 like, as, as…as, as it were, as if, as though, be something of, similar to, etc.

Metaphor

— is a figure of speech where parison is implied. It is also a parison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this parison is implied, not expressed with the word "as" or "like". 

Symbol

——Inliteraryusage,asymbolisaspeciallyevocativekindofimage:

thatis,awordorphrasereferringtoaconcreteobject,scene,oractionwhichalsohassomefurthersignificanceassociatedwithit.

ØTypesofSymbols

I.Universalorculturalsymbols/traditionalsymbols

arethosewhoseassociationsarethemonpropertyofasocietyorcultureandaresowidelyrecognizedandacceptedthattheycanbesaidtobealmostuniversal.

e.g.water—life

Serpent—theDevil

Lamb—JesusChrist

II.Contextual,Authorial,orPrivatesymbols

arethosewhoseassociationsareneitherimmediatenortraditional;instead,theyderivetheirmeaning,largelyifnotexclusively,fromthecontextoftheworkinwhichtheyareused.

e.g.thealbatrossinColeridge’s“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner〞

Synecdoche

——afigureofspeechinwhichapartissubstitutedforawholeorawholeforapart

e.g.Mybabywokeforabottle.[提喻用局部代替全体,或用全体代替局部,或特殊代替一般.] 

Oxymoron

——isafigureofspeechthatjuxtaposeselementsthatappeartobecontradictory.Oxymoraappearinavarietyofcontexts,includinginadvertenterrors（suchas"groundpilot"）andliteraryoxymoronscraftedtorevealaparadox.Themostmonformofoxymoroninvolvesanadjective–nounbinationoftwowords.Forexample,thefollowinglinefromTennyson'sIdyllsoftheKingcontainstwooxymora:

Andfaithunfaithfulkepthimfalselytrue.

e.g.painfulpleasureathunderoussilence

Pun

——Thepun,alsocalledparonomasia,isaformofwordplaythatsuggeststwoormoremeanings,byexploitingmultiplemeaningsofwords,orofsimilar-soundingwords,foranintendedhumorousorrhetoricaleffect.Punsareusedtocreatehumorandsometimesrequirealargevocabularytounderstand.Punshavelongbeenusedbyedywriters,suchasWilliamShakespeare,OscarWilde,andGeorgeCarlin.

ØPunscanbeclassifiedinvariousways:

①Thehomophonicpun,amontype,useswordpairswhichsoundalike（homophones）butarenotsynonymous.

②Ahomographicpunexploitswordswhicharespelledthesame（homographs）butpossessdifferentmeaningsandsounds.

③Homonymicpuns,anothermontype,arisefromtheexploitationofwordswhicharebothhomographsandhomophones.

④Apoundpunisastatementthatcontainstwoormorepuns.

⑤Arecursivepunisoneinwhichthesecondaspectofapunreliesontheunderstandingofanelementinthefirst.

⑥Visualpunsareusedinmanylogos,emblems,insignia,andothergraphicsymbols,inwhichoneormoreofthepunaspectsarereplacedbyapicture.

Personification

——afigureofspeechwhichrepresentsabstractionsorinanimateobjectswithhumanqualities,includingphysical,emotional,andspiritual;theapplicationofhumanattributesorabilitiestononhumanentities.

Exaggeration

Dramaticmonologue

——akindofpoeminwhichthespeakerisimaginedtobeaddressingasilentaudience

Irony

——initsbroadestsense,isa rhetoricaldevice, literarytechnique,oreventcharacterizedbyanincongruity,orcontrast,betweenwhattheexpectationsofasituationareandwhatisreallythecase.

——Asubtlyhumorousperceptionofinconsistency,inwhichanapparentlystraightforwardstatementoreventisunderminedbyitscontextsoastogiveitaverydifferentsignificance.

Allusion

——isafigureofspeech,inwhichonereferscovertlyorindirectlytoanobjectorcircumstancefromanexternalcontext.Itislefttothereaderorhearertomaketheconnection;wheretheconnectionisdetailedindepthbytheauthor,itispreferabletocallit"areference".Literaryallusioniscloselyrelatedtoparodyandpastiche,whicharealso"text-linking"literarydevices.AtypeofliteraturehasgrownroundexplorationsoftheallusionsinsuchworksasAlexanderPope'sTheRapeoftheLockorT.S.Eliot'sTheWasteLand.JamesJoyce

Romanticism

——Romanticismwasanartistic,literaryandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinEurope.Inpart,itwasarevoltagainstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsofthe AgeofEnlightenment andareactionagainstthescientific rationalizationofnature. Itwasembodiedmoststronglyinthevisualarts,music,andliterature.

Modernism

——Modernismisarathervaguetermwhichisusedtoapplytotheworksofagroupofpoets,novelists,painters,andmusiciansbetween1910andtheearlyyearsaftertheWorldWarII.Thetermincludesvarioustrendsorschools,suchasimagism,expressionism,dadaism,streamofconsciousness,andexistentialism.ItmeansadeparturefromtheconventionalcriteriaorestablishedvaluesoftheVictorianage.

ØThebasicthemesofmodernism:

1.Alienationandlonelinessarethebasicthemesofmodernism.Intheeyesofmodernistwriters,themodernworldisachaoticoneandisinprehensible.

2.Althoughmodernsocietyismateriallyrich,itisspirituallybarren.Itisalandofspiritualandemotionalsterility.

3.Humanbeingsarehelplessbeforeaninprehensibleworldandno