新世纪实用英语写作Chapter4.ppt
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Chapter4,ENGLISHESSAYWRITING,EnglishEssayWriting,4.1StructureofEnglishEssays4.2WritingProcess4.3TypesofEnglishEssays,4.1StructureofEnglishEssays,
（1）Introductoryparagraph
（2）Themainbody（3）Concludingparagraph,
（1）IntroductoryParagraph,Introductoryparagraphusuallyincludestwoparts:
generalstatement（概括性阐述）thesisstatement（主题阐述）,Activity,Thinkanddiscusswithyourpartneraboutthemainpointsofathesisstatement.在一个完整的句子中表达有关主旨的态度、观点或见解。
主题阐述应表达一个观点，而不应表达一个事实，需要进一步的解释和论证。
并非简单地提出文章将要展开的主题，而要表明和限制其展开的方法。
位置最好是在引言段的结尾或接近段尾处。
Activity,Readandappreciatethefollowingparagraph.Travelingtoaforeigncountryisalwaysinteresting,especiallyifitisacountrythatiscompletelydifferentfromyourown.Youcandelightintastingnewfoods,seeingnewsights,andlearningaboutdifferentcustoms,someofwhichmayseemverycurious.Ifyouweretovisitmycountry,forinstance,youwouldprobablythinkthatmypeoplehavesomeverystrangecustoms,asthesethreeexampleswillillustrate,在这个引言段中，作者在第一个句子中引出了“travelingtoaforeigncountry”的话题。
然后，把这个题目缩小到具体的方面，即作者自己国家的风俗习惯。
作者在段落最后的一个句子中提出对主题的阐述，其中表述段落主旨的关键词是“strange”。
在正文中将用三个具体的例证阐述这种独特的风俗习惯。
EffectiveIntroduction,Howtowriteeffectiveintroduction?
PertinentQuotationQuestionRhetoricalQuestionAutobiographyFactsandStatisticsRefutation,开篇恰当地引用名人名言或格言谚语，会使文章显得富于哲理。
这不仅是引起读者注意的一种简单而有效的方法，而且还可以增强文章的说服力和表现力。
“Theonlyuselesslifeiswomans,”wroteBenjaminDisraeliaboutacenturyago.Todaymanyfeministsarehardatworktoliberatewomanfromthe“useless”lifeofhousewifetoa“useful”oneofengineer,doctor,orpoliticalleader.Allwomen,however,donotconsiderthelifeofkeepinghouseandrearingchildrenuseless.Infact,asstrangeasitmaysoundtomostpeople,notallwomenwanttobeliberated.,PertinentQuotation（恰当的引语）,在引言段中提出一个将在文章中阐释的问题，可以引起读者对主题的思考。
Whatshouldwegetfromcollege?
Somestudentswilltellyouverydefinitelywhattheywant.Onewantstotakeallthosesubjects,andonlythose,thatwillhelphergetintomedicalschool;another,knowingthatajobawaitshiminhisfathersfirm,wantstobecomeanengineerasquicklyandpainlesslyashecan.Ontheotherhandistheperson,whoIsuspectisinthemajority,whoseonlydefiniteaimistodiscoversomedefiniteaim（Horner,1988,p.237）.,Question（问题）,RhetoricalQuestion（修辞性疑问句）反诘是以问句的形式表述自己观点的方法，用以加重语气或强调效果，而并不是真正的问句。
作者不是为了获得新信息而发问，而是为了引起读者的思考，所以不要求回答。
ArethecourtsabolishingsexdiscriminationinAmericaneducation?
Recentcourtdecisionsconcerningchargesofsexdiscriminationinuniversityathleticshaveraisedsomeveryrealdoubtsinthemindsoffemaleathletesaboutthewillingnessofthecourtstoabolishsexbias.Areviewofthreeofthesecaseswillillustratethepoint.,Autobiography（个人经历）在引言段中，以描写与主题相关的个人的一次经历或一个事件开头，引发主题，可使内容生动逼真,但是这种引言对作文来讲可能会显得太长。
Aboutadozenpeoplescamperedoffthebusasitsdoorsswishedopen.WhenIreachedthesidewalk,Istoppedforseveralsecondsbeforedecidingtogointothecornerrestaurantandhaveacupofcoffee.AsIenteredthecrowdedrestaurantandmovedtowardthelunchcounter,awell-dressedelderlyman（whoseemedtohaveappearedoutofnowhere）puthishandonmyshoulderandsaid,“Youngman,howwouldyouliketomakealotofmoney?
”ThiswasthebeginningofoneofthemostunusualexperiencesIeverhad.,FactsandStatistics（事实和统计数字）列举与论点相关的事实和统计数字，从而引起读者的关心注和兴趣。
不过，必须确定所你提出的事实是真实的并与论点相关的。
AnewCensusBureaureportpredictsthattherewillbe383millionAmericansintheyear2050.Thats128millionmorethantherearenow,and83millionmorethanthebureauwaspredictingjustfouryearsago,whenitappearedthattheU.S.populationwouldperkandstabilizeataround300million.,Refutation（驳斥）在引言段中先总结陈述对方的观点或意见，然后再表达自己的观点。
以一种灵活的方式确立论点，对于议论文不失为恰当的写作手法。
Forcingchildrentodothings,ingeneral,isgoodifthechildisindangerortooyoungtomakemajordecisions.Parentsmayalsoarguethatforcingtheirchildtotakeupcertainhobbies,likethepiano,willgivethechildawell-roundededucationandapossiblefuturecareerinmusic.However,thereareseveralproblemswithforcingchildrentocomply:
abreakdownincommunicationbetweenthechildrenandtheparents,rebellion,andfailureinschool（Leonhard,1999,p.101）.,
（2）MainBody:
FormalOutlinePattern,ThesisStatement:
I.FirstmainideaA.Firstsubordinateidea1.Firstexampleorillustration2.Secondexampleorillustrationa.Firstsupportingdetailb.SecondSupportingdetailB.SecondsubordinateideaSecondmainidea,（3）ConcludingParagraph,结尾段位于短文的末尾，是整篇文章不可缺少的组成部分，是要点总结。
它总结归纳文章正文阐述的观点，并重申主题，与引言段首尾呼应。
结尾应该警策有力而又耐人寻味。
WritingRequirements,以不同的简洁的语句重述主题使之得到深化。
对主题做最后评论，以引起读者对文章主题的回味和思考。
总结文章论证要点，加深读者对整篇文章的理解，并留下更深刻的印象。
在结尾段开首时运用表示结论的转承词语以示整篇文章就要结束，同时也使结尾段与正文的连接更为流畅自然。
TypicalConclusions,EvaluatingtheSubject（评价主题的重要性）Theseamazing,controversialphotographsofthecometwillcontinuetobethesubjectofdebatebecause,accordingtosomescientists,theyyieldthemostimportantcluesyetrevealedabouttheoriginsofouruniverse.,StatingBroaderImplication（阐述深远的寓意）BecausethesestudiesoffelineleukemiamaysomedayplayacrucialroleinthediscoveryofacureforAIDSinhumanbeings,theexperiments,asexpensiveastheyare,mustcontinue.,UsingWitticism（用诙谐的语言深化主题）Noonesaiddietingwaseasy.Butforsomeofuswhohavesurrendered,thecliche“halfaloafisbetterthannone”hastakenonnewmeaning!
InferringandForecasting（推论或展望前景）Soapoperaswillcontinuetobepopularnotonlybecausetheydistractusfromourdailychoresbutalsobecausetheypresentlifeaswewantittobe:
fast-paced,glamorous,andfullofexcitingcharacters.,UsingaRhetoricalQuestion（用修辞性疑问句引发深思）Noonewantstoseehostagesputindanger.Butwhatnationcanaffordtoletterroristsknowtheycangetawaywithmurder?
4.2WritingProcess,FiveStepsinWriting：
DeterminingtheTopicFindingandSelectingMaterialsOrganizingMaterialsintoanOutlineDraftingRevising,WaysofMakinganOutline,DirectionsforOutlining：
“Harvard标准提纲”是一种表达一篇文章中各个部分内容之间关系的结构框架。
根据这个框架结构：
大写的罗马数字（theRomannumerals）表示主要划分（maindivisions）；大写英语字母（upper-caseletters）表示续分（subdivisions）；阿拉伯数字（Arabicnumerals）表示再续分（furtherdivisions）；小写英语字母（lower-caseletters）表示下个层次的再续分（stillfurtherdivisions）;依次类推。
EssayOutlineFramework,IntroductionI.FirstmajorpointordivisionA.FirstpointbelongingtoabovedivisionB.SecondpointII.SecondmajorpointordivisionA.Firstpointbelongingtoabovedivision1.detailsbelongingtoPointA.2.detailsbelongingtoPointA.a.finerdetailsbelongingto2.
（1）stillfinerdetailsbelongingtoa.
（2）stillfinerdetailsbelongingtoa.b.B.III.ThirdmajorpointordivisionA.B.C.Conclusion,Techniques&PrinciplesinOutlining,编列提纲是把思想条理化的过程，逻辑平行是编列提纲的重要原则。
主要项目的分类在逻辑上应是并列平行的，它们在内容的重要性、等级、程度上都应是相同的；在语法结构上应由互为平行的词、短语或句子组成。
TypesofOutlines,TopicOutlineSentenceOutlineTopic-SentenceOutline,SampleOutline-TherapeuticBenefitsfromPets,ThesisStatement:
Petshavebeenfoundtoprovideimportanttherapeuticbenefitstothementallyill,thephysicallyill,andthehandicapped.I.BenefitstothementallyillHistoryoftheuseofanimalsforthementallydisturbedRecentuseofanimalstohelpmentallyillpatientsUseofpetstohelpthecriminallyinsaneII.BenefitstothephysicallyillHighersurvivalratesforheart-diseasepatientswhoownpets,B.ImprovedbloodpressureinthosepatientswithpetsC.ImprovementstohospitalpatientswhoarevisitedbypetsBenefitstothehandicappedanddisabledA.PhysicalassistanceSeeing-eyedogsHearing-eardogsAnimalsthatrunerrandsB.EmotionalsupportEmotionalbenefitsofguidedogsIncreasedconfidencetodisabledfromhorsebackridingImprovementofmoraleinnursinghomes.,4.3TypesofEnglishEssays,
（1）Narration
（2）Description（3）Exposition（4）Argumentation,
（1）Narration,记叙文也称叙述文，是以叙述为主要表达方法，以人物、事件为主要表达内容的文章。
通讯、新闻报道、历史、散文、故事、游记、人物传记、日记等都属于记叙文。
ANewYearsEvePartyEveryNewYearsEve,theprovincialgovernmenthostsaNewYearsEvepartyforforeignexpertsandteachersworkingintheprovince.Onthisparticularevening,theweatherwaspiercinglycoldoutside,butinsidethegrandbanquethall,itwaswarmlikespring.Peoplewereshakinghandssayinghellotoeachother.Theholidayatmospherewasallround.Thechandeliershangingfromtheceilingshonebrightlyandallthelampsaroundthewallswereablazewithcolorfullights.Dozensoflovelygirlsdressedinsnowwhiteuniformswerebusilywalkingupanddownthehallservingtheguestswithdrinksandsnacks.Alltheguestsdressedintheirverybestclotheswereeitherstandingorsittingalongeachsideofthehall.SuddenlythesonorousvoiceoftheMasterofCeremoniescameovertheloudspeakerintroducingthevice-governoroftheprovince,whodeliveredaNewYearsEvemessage,followedbythepresentationofawardstooutstandingforeignexpertsandteachers.TheproudawardeesstoodinfrontoftherostrumholdingtheirCertificatesofMeritandprizes,posingforflashingcameras.Afterathank-youspeechbyarepresentativeoftheforeignexperts,theperformancebegan.AlltheactorsandactresseswerefromtheProvincialSongandDanceEnsemble.,（continued）Thepartyreacheditsclimaxwhenthechairpersondeclaredthatthedancepartywouldbegin.Thelightsweredimmedandalightedballhangingfromtheceilingbeganturningaroundandaroundshootingcoloredlightsinalldirections.Theguestsexcitedlybegantodancearoundthelargehall,enjoyingbothclassicalandChinesefolkmusic,lookingforwardtothecomingyearwithhopeandanticipation.这是一则新闻稿，报道了某省政府举行盛大新年晚会，表彰在省内工作的外国专家和教师的情景。
文章按时间顺序叙事，在报道中穿插了场面描写和人物描写，真实地描述了晚会的全过程和热烈的气氛。
文章用词丰富多彩，叙述轻松流畅。
（2）Description,描写文是一种以描写为主要表达方式，以人物、景物和其他事物的形态、状态、特征为主要表达内容的文章。
人物描写：
描写人物的容貌、神情、气质、语言、动作、心理活动等。
环境描写：
社会生活场景描写与自然景物描写。
VisitingTianzishanEarlierthisyearIhadtheopportunitytovisitTianzishannaturereserve,whichisonepartofWulingyuansceneryareainHunanprovince,theworldsfamo
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