论文文献翻译库存补货买卖双方易腐农产品的建模Word文件下载.docx

论文文献翻译库存补货买卖双方易腐农产品的建模Word文件下载.docx

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Keywords:

perishable;

agricultural;

products;

inventory;

replenishment;

collaborative;

forecasting

Theperishableagriculturalproductsindustryhasbeenunderpressureregardingtheimprovementoffoodsafety,theimplementationofefficientriskmanagementandrapidresponsecapabilities,andthemanagementofquality‘fromfarmtofork’.Sinceregulation178/2002oftheEuropeanParliament,andoftheCouncil,ongeneralfoodlawcameintoforcein2005,traceabilityhasbecomeanessentialbusinessfunctionforthefoodindustrytoconsistentlysupplyperishableagriculturalproductswithqualityandsafetyassurance.Perishableagriculturalproductstraceabilityisdefinedastheabilitytotraceandfollowperishableagriculturalproductsthroughallstagesofproduction,processinganddistribution（EuropeanCommission2002）.Perishableagriculturalproductsproductsareoftentrackedandtracedbymanufacturingbatchesorlogisticunits,insteadofindividualproductitems（Jansen-Crullersetal.2003）.Batchnumbersassignedatthestartofthemanufacturingprocessesaccompanyproductsasidentificationsthroughoutasupplychain.Ifaperishableagriculturalproductssafetyproblemcomesfromarawmaterialbatch,allthefinishedproductscontainingthisrawmaterialhavetobeidentifiedandrecalled.

Integrationintoglobalmarketsoffersthepotentialformorerapidgrowthandpovertyreductionforpoorercountries.However,marketbarrierswithinadvancedeconomiestoagriculturalimportshavemadeitharderfordevelopingcountriestotakefulladvantageofthisopportunity.ThisarticleexaminestheimpactofincreasingdemandsforfoodsafetyandqualitybyEuropeanfoodretailers,andhowthefundamentalstructureandcultureofsupplierorganizationsrequiredbyEuropeanretailchainsareamajorentrybarrierfordeveloping.Mediterraneanfreshproduceexportingcountries,andfordevelopingcountriesingeneral.Thelong-termsolutionforsuchcountriestosustainaninternationaldemandfortheirproductsliesinstructural,strategicandproceduralinitiativesthatbuildupthetrustandconfidenceofimporters/retailersinthequalityandsafetyassurancemechanismsfortheirproduce.

Marketfailuretodeliverthelevelofsafetytomeetpublichealthrequirementsandconsumerdemandsconstituteseconomicgroundsforpublicpolicyintervention（UnevennessandJensen,1999）.Thelack,orhighcost,ofinformation,andtheresultingconsequencesforpublichealtharethefundamentaljustificationsforpublicinterventiontoimprovefoodsafety.However,allocatingfoodchainsafetyresponsibilitiesfrom‘farmtotable’hascreatedanewparadigmforstakeholderrelationshipscharacterizedbycomplexinteractionsbetweenpublicandprivatemodesofregulation.Theincreasingglobalizationoffoodproductionandconsumptionmakeitdifficultfornationalgovernmentstoexertcomprehensivecontrolsovertheentiresupplychain,andtoidentifytherootsofqualityproblemsinforeigncountries,orendofpipemanagement（Spiller,2002）.Theresultingshiftofresponsibilitytowardstheprivatesectorhascreatedamorecomplexanddemanding‘policyspace’involvingpublicandprivatesectorincentivesandcontrols.Theinteractionbetweenself-regulationandpublicregulationcouldprovideasuperioroutcome,asindustryandfirmsaremoreknowledgeableregardingproductquality,andpublicregulationcangeneratereputation-basedincentivestomonitorquality,intheformofpublicexposure.

However,increasingdemandsforfoodsafetybydevelopedcountrieshaveraisedconcernsaboutlikelyfoodregulatoryimpactsoninternationaltrade,particularlyinthecaseofdevelopingcountries（Trotskietal.,2001;

HensonandLoader,2001;

Hensonetal.,2000;

Unevenness,2000）.Itisrecognisedthatdevelopingcountriesarelikelytohavedifficultiesinmeetingrequirementsassociatedwiththeimplementationofhighlevelsanitaryorphytosanitarymeasureswhichcomeinconnectionwithtechnicalregulations,standardsandconformitytests（IMF/WorldBank,2002;

GarciaMartinezetal.,2002;

GarciaMartinezandPoole,2004;

WilsonandAbiosis,2003）.Asthecommercialandinstitutionalinfrastructuredevelops,thereistheriskthatnewregulatorybarrierswillbeerected.Thisisofparticularconcern

fordevelopingcountries,whereexistingtechnicalandinstitutionalcapacitytocontrolandensurecompliancemaynotallowfortheadjustmentsneededtomeetnewrequirements.

Mostofthecurrentdebatehasfocusedontheimpactofpublicnationalandsupranational（e.g.EuropeanUnion）regulatorydemandsonmarketaccessfordevelopingcountries（seeforexample,Reardonetal.,1999;

Buschetal.,2000;

WeatherspoonandReardon,2003;

Unevenness,2000）.Thecriticalfocusnowneedstoshiftfromsuchpublicregulatorystandards,orTats（technicalbarrierstotrade）,towardstheincreasingimportanceoffoodsafetyregulationsimposedoverandabovepublicstandardsbyprivatesector（commercial）firms,andtheirpotentialimpactonagriculturalandfoodproductexportsfromdevelopingcountries.Opportunitiesandthreatsbotharisefromthegrowthofsuchprivatestandards,whichcanbetermed‘commercialbarrierstotrade’。

Unsurprisingly,thesafetyoffoodproductshasbeenatopicofdebateforcenturies.Thefirstknownlawpertainingtothepurityoffoodproducts,knownasthe“GermanBeerPurityLaw”orReinfestation,datesasfarbackas1516（Dornbusch,1997）.Todaywehaveamyriadoflaws,regulations,standards,processes,toolsandtechnologiesintendedtoensurefoodsafety.Nevertheless,foodsafetyscandalsstilloccuronanalltooregularbasis.Table1presentssomehighprofilefoodsafetyincidentsthathaveoccurredinseveralcountries.

Fromasafetyperspective,foodsupplychainshaveanumberofvulnerabilities（Whippleetal.,2009）.First,theydealwithnaturalproducts,manyofwhichareperishableandcouldbecomeharmfultoconsumersifnotmanagedinatimelyandsafemanner（Akkermanetal.,2010）.Secondly,foodsupplychainstendtobelong,globalandhighlyinterconnected,leadingtogreaterriskexposure（HensonandReardon,2005;

Rothetal.,2008;

TrienekensandZuricher,2008;

Whippleetal.,2009）.Third,foodandbeverageproductsareatriskofintentionalorunintentionaladulterationandcouldevenbethetargetofterroristthreats（WeinandLou,2005;

Whippleetal.,2009）.AccordingtoHarl（2002）,amongsevengeneralareasofvulnerabilitytoterrorismintheUS,fivearerelatedtothefoodsupplychain.Carefulmanagementacrosstheentiresupplychainisnecessarytoensurethat-productsreachingthefinalconsumeraresafetoeatanddrink.

ResearchbyVossetal.（2009）exploresthetradeoffsamongprice,delivery,qualityandsafetyinselectingsuppliersinthefoodsupplychainsoftheU.S.Theirresearchconcludesthat,ingeneral,safetyconsiderationstendtobelessimportantinselectingsupplierswhencomparedtoquality,deliveryandprice.Theyarguethatthislowerprioritycouldbeafactorbehindthefrequencyoffoodsafetyincidents.However,theirresultsalsoindicatethatsafetyismoreimportantundercertaincircumstances,particularlywhenproductsaresourcedfromabroad.Failuresinfoodsafetycanhaveseriousnegativeconsequencesnotonlyforconsumers,butalsoforthecompaniesinvolved.Theworstcasescenariooccurswhenincidentsleadtodeathsorillness（TrienekensandZuurbier,2008）.AccordingtoThomsenandMcKenzie（2001）millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldbecomeilleveryyearasaresultofunsafefoods.IthasbeenestimatedthatintheU.S.alone,foodbornepathogensaccountfor76millionillnessesand5000deaths（Meadetal.,1999）.ThomsenandMcKenzie（2001）arguethathumanerrorandthelimitationsoffoodsafetytechnologymeanthat,fromtimetotime,consumerswillfacefoodsafetyrisks.HighprofileincidentssuchastheSalmonellaoutbreakcausedbypeanutbutterpastesoldbythePeanutCorporationofAmericain2008

（LaytonandMiroff,2009）,ortheadulterationofpowderedmilkwithmelamineinChinainthesameyear（Spencer,2009）,havemadetheheadlinesduetotheirscaleandseverity.Inbothcasestheconsequencesforthoseinvolvedhavebeenserious.ThePeanutCorporationofAmericafiledforbankruptcyinFebruary2009（LaytonandMiroff,2009）.IntheChinesecase,Sanlu,thecompanyresponsible,hasbeencloseddown,thegeneralmanagerandanumberofcompanyofficialsareinjail,andtwohavebeensentencedtodeath（Spencer,2009）.

Mostfoodsafetyincidentsdonotleadtodeathorillness,andinmanycasesproductscanberecalledbeforetheyreachtheconsumer.However,recallscanbecomplexandcostly（ThomsenandMcKenzie,2001;

Whippleetal.,2009）,theycandamageafirm’sreputation（Hornibrooketal.,2005;

ThomsenandMcKenzie,2001;

Whippleetal.,2009）,and