广外命题英语词汇学笔记Word文档格式.docx
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1.2.5.1Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology
1.2.5.2Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges:
1.2.5.3Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages:
1.3TheCompositionofEnglishVocabulary
1.3.1TheNativeElementandtheForeignElementoftheEnglishVocabulary
1.3.2TheBasicWord-Stock（see1.5.1）andtheSpecializedVocabularies（see1.5.2）
1.3.3TheThreeCharacteristicFeaturesoftheEnglishVocabulary：
Copious，Heterogeneous,Varied
1.4Word
1.5ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria
1.5.1ByOrigin:
NativeWordsandLoanWords
1.5.1.1NativeWords：
1）TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock（All-Nationalcharacter，Stability，Productivity/Word-formaingability，Collocability/Abilitytoformcollocations，Polysymy）；
2）Theimportancethebasicwordstock
1.5.1.2Loanwords:
arethosewordswhichborrowedfromotherlanguages.
1.5.1.2.1Typesofloanwords:
denizens,aliens,translationloans,semanticloans
1.5.1.2.2Originsofloanwords:
majorfromLatin,Greek,andothermainlanguages
1.5.2Bylevelofusage:
common,literary,colloquial,slang,technical,jargon,argot,neologismswords
1.5.3Bynotion（概念）:
functionwords,contentwords
1.5.3.3Thedifferencesbetweenfunctionwordsandcontentwords:
1.5.4Onthemorphemiclevel（P.45,movedfromC2）:
simple,derived（complex）,compoundwords
C2.Morphology（词法,形态学）（占27%）
2.1Openclassandclosedclass（另增加）
2.2TheinternalStructureofanEnglishWord:
Root,stem,base;
Affix;
Morpheme;
Allomorph;
TypesofMorphemes（freemorpheme,boundmorpheme（boundroot;
affix;
root,stemandbase））Relationsamongtheinternalstructures
2.3Word-Formation（2.3.1-2.3.3at45%,threemajortypesofformation）
2.3.1CompositionorCompounding（27%）（复合法）:
page54
2.3.1.1Definition:
Orthographiccriterion,Phonologicalcriterion,Semanticcriterion
2.3.1.2Typesofcompoundings:
noun,adjective,verbcompounds
2.3.2AffixationorDerivation（派生法或词缀法）（17.5%）:
Prefixation,Suffixation
2.3.3ConversionorFunctionalshift（转成法或功能转换法）（10.5%）
2.3.4Shortening（缩略法）（11%）:
Acronymy（首字母拼音法）（Initialism,Acronym）,Clipping（截缩法）
2.3.5Blending（混成法）（6%）
2.3.6NeoclassicalFormation（4%）（新古典词构成法）
2.3.7WordsFromProperName（2%）（专有名词转成法）
2.3.8Back-Formation（1%）（反成法或逆成法）
2.3.9ReduplicationorPhraseCompounding（0.5%）（重叠法或短语合成法）
Miscellaneous（20.5%）（其它类综合）
2.3.10Onomatopoeia（拟声法）
2.3.11Gradation（元音替代法）
2.3.12MorphologicalStress（重音变换法
2.3.13Two-PartVerbs（Phraseverbs）（双词合成法）
2.3.14BorrowingWords（18.5%）（借词）
C3.WordMeaningandthesemanticRelationsBetweenWords（占45%）
3.1WordMeaningandsemanticfeatures
3.1.1ThemeaningsofMeaning:
Reference（所指）,Concept（概念）,Sense（意义）
3.1.2Conventionality（常规）andMotivation（理据）:
Conventionality,
Motivation（phonetic/onomatopoeic,morphological,Semantic,etymologicalmotivation）
3.1.3MainTypesofMeaning:
GramaticalMeaning,LexicalMeaning（denotative/conceptual,connotative,socialorstylistic,affetive,collocative,reflected,thematicmeaning）
3.1.4ComponentialAnalysis（语义成分分析）:
advantages,disadvantagesordrawbacks
3.2ChangesinWordMeaning
3.2.1CausesofSemanticChange（p.258）：
Historicalcause,Socialcause,Foreigninfluences,Linguistic
cause（Towardsellipsis,Towardsanalogy）,Psychologicalcause（Euphemism,Grandiloquence,Cynicism）
3.2.2FourTendenciesinSemanticChange:
Ristrictionornarrowingorspecialization,Extensionorgeneralization,Degeneration,Elevationorameliorationofmeaning,另增加Transfer
3.2.3SemanticDevelopmentorChangeResultingfromtheFigurativeUseofWords（p.284）：
Metaphor（隐喻）,Metonymy（换喻）,Euphemism（委婉词）,另增加:
Simile（明喻）（另增加）,Zoosemy（动物喻人法）,Hyperbole（夸张法）,Litotes（曲言法）,Personification（拟人法）
3.3Monosemy（单义关系）,PolysemyandHomonymy（一词多义关系和同形/同音异义关系）
3.3.1Polysemy（一词多义关系）
3.3.1.1Twoapproachestopolysemy:
diachronicapproach,synchronicapproach
3.3.1.2Twoprocesesleadingtopolysemy（p.173）:
radiation,concatenation
3.3.1.3Theprimarymeaning,centralmeaning,derivedmeaning（原义、中心义、派生义）
3.3.1.4Theliteralmeaningandfigurativemeaning（本义、比喻义）
3.3.1.5Apolysemouswordanditscontextualmeaning（多义词和它的上下文意义）
3.3.2Homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）（p.177）
3.3.2.1Typesofhomonyms:
Perfecthomonyms,Homophones,Homographs
3.3.2.2Sourcesofhomonyms:
Phoneticconvergence,Semanticdivergence,Foreigninfluence,Shortening
3.3.3Thestylisticvalueofpolysemyandhomononymy:
Thedifferencesbetweenpolysemyandhomonymy（orthedifferencesbetweenpolysemesandhomonyms）.；
Thevalues
3.4SenseRelationsBetweenwords（词与词之间的语义关系）（p.190）
3.4.1Synonymy（同义关系）
3.4.1.1MajorsourcesofEnglishsynonyms（同义词）:
Borrowing,DialectsandregionalEnglish
Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions
3.4.1.2Typesofsynonyms:
Completeorabsolutesynonyms,Relativesynonyms
3.4.1.3Synonymouspatterns:
Thedoublescalepattern,Thetriplescalepattern（三词一组的同义词）
3.4.1.4Synonymousdominants（同义词中组中的中心词）（另增加）
3.4.1.5Thechoiceandappropriateuseofsynonyms
3.4.2Antonymy（反义关系）（p.209）
3.4.2.1Antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticcontrast:
Contraries（相对性反义词）,Complementaries（互补反义词）ConversivesorRelativeterms（换位反义词/关系反义词）：
3.4.2.2Somerelevantpointsaboutantonyms:
Markedandunmarkedmembers,Somewordswithoutantnonyms,Differentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstances,Lexicalantonymyvssyntacticnegation,Wordorderofantonymouspairs.
3.4.3Hyponymy（上下义关系）（p.219）
3.4.4SemanticField（词义场）（p.223）
3.5MeaningandContext（意义和语境）
3.5.1Twotypesofcontext
3.5.1.1Linguisticcontext：
Lexicalcontext,Grammaticalcontext,Verbalcontextinitsbroadsense
3.5.1.2Extra-linguisticcontext/contextofsituation：
3.5.2Thevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofwordmeaningorthefunctionsotcontext:
eliminationofambiguity,indicationofreferents,provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaing.
3.5.3Suggestedwaysforthecorrectcomprehensionofwordmeaning（p.248）：
3.5.3.1Theuseofanup-to-dateandadequatemonoligualdictionary
3.5.3.2AgoodknowledgeofthecultureoftheEnglish-speakingpeople
3.5.3.3Developmentoftheabilitytodeterminethemeaningofawordfromitscontext.
C4.EnglishIdioms（占15%）
4.1SourcesofEnglishidioms
4.2CharacteristicsofIdioms
4.3ClassificationsofIdioms:
Phraseidioms,Clauseidioms,Sentenceidioms
4.4Syntactic,structuralandstylisticanalysisofIdioms:
Syntacticfunction,Transformationalrestrictions,Collocativerestrictions,Structuralvariability,Stylisticfeatures
C5.AmericanEnglish
5.1GrowthofAmercianEnglish:
Beforeindependence,Fromindependencetotheearly19thcentury,Fromtheearly19thcenturytothepresenttime;
TheimpactofAmericanEnglsihonBritishEnglish
5.2CharactristicsofAmericanEnglish：
Creativenessinenrichingthelanguage，Consevativesnessorretentionofarchaicfeatures，Heterogeneity，Relativeuniformityinspeech，Popularityofslang，Useofbigwords，Verboseandplainstlyeinwriting
5.3AmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishCompared：
inpronunciation,spelling,grammar,vocabulary
C6EnglishDictionaries（p.363）：
（占5%）
6.1Introductions:
Lexicologyanddictionaries,TrendsofEnglishdictionaries-prescritiveanddescritivedictionaries
6.2TypesofEnglishDictionaries:
Linguisticandencyclopedic;
Generalandspecialorrestricted;
Monolingualandbilingual;
Synchronicanddiachronic;
Unabridged,medium-sized,andpocket;
Idealogicaldictionaries;
Monolingualdictionariesfornon-nativelearners
6.3SomeCharacteristicsofDictionariesofContemporaryEnglish
6.4ThechoiceofanEnglsihDictionary：
Suitability,Contents,Authority,Up-to-date-ness
6.5Theuseofdictionary:
Readtheintroductionandguidetotheuseofthedictionary,Makefulluseoftheentrycontents,Choosetherightmeaning,Knowtheinadequaciesofthedictionary
（以上的分数所占比例参照全国考题，且不考C5；
至于广东考题是否考C5美国英语则不详。
）
NOTESOFENGLISHLEXICOLOGY
C1.AGeneralSurveytoEnglishVocabulary
1.1.1Definition：
Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.
1.1.2TheNatureandScope：
EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.
1.1.3ThesubjectsthatEnglishLexicologycorrelatedwithamdextentto：
EnglishLexicologyiscorrelatedwithsuchlinguisticdisciplinesasmorphology,semantics,etymology（词源学）,stylistics（文体论）andlexicographay.
1.1.4ThereasonforastudenttostudyEnglishlexicology：
Accordingtothetextbook,EnglishLexicologywilldefinitelybebeneficalforstudentsofEnglish.AgoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandrulesofword-formationwillhelplearnersdeveloptheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreasetheirwordpower.Theinformationofthehistoricaldevelopmentandtheprinciplesofclassificationwillgivethemadeeperunderstandingofword-meaningandenablethemtoorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Theunderstandingandtheirsenserelationswillgraduallyraisetheirawarenessofmeaningandusage,andenablethemusewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriat
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