英语写作 写作提纲1Word下载.docx

英语写作 写作提纲1Word下载.docx

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thereforeinlearningtowriteweshouldfirstlearntowriteparagraphs.

Whatarethebasicrequirementsofaneffectiveparagraph?

Letusreadafewparagraphsandseehowtheyareformedandwhatwecanlearnfromthem.

（1）TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful.ThereisapopularIrishsongwhichsaysthatthereare100differentshadesofgreenintheIrishlandscape,andthisisnoexaggeration.Thankstogenerousrainfall,muchofthecountrysideiscoveredinrichgreenvegetation,whichiswhyIrelandisalsoknownastheEmeraldIsle.Italsohasavariedlandscapewithdramaticmountains,rockycoastlinesandrollinghills.

M

Ifwereadtheparagraphcarefully,weshallfindthatthewholeparagraphtalksaboutonethingoronetopic:

thebeautyoftheIrishcountryside.Allthefoursentencesinitarerelatedtothiscentralidea,andtonothingelse.This,therefore,isourfirstfinding:

aparagraphshouldhaveone,andonlyone,centralidea.Thiscentralideaisexpressedinthefirstsentenceoftheparagraph:

"

TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful."

TheotherthreesentencesgiveafewfactsordescriptionstoshowhowbeautifultheIrishcountrysideis.Inasense,thefirstsentencementionsthetopicoftheparagraph,soitmaybecalledthetopicsentence.Thisisthesecondfeaturewehavenoticedintheparagraph.

Thereisinthefirstsentencethephrase"

theIrishcountryside,"

inthesecond"

theIrishlandscape,"

inthethird"

muchofthecountryside,"

andinthefourth"

Italsohasavariedlandscape."

ThesewordskeepremindingthereaderthattheIrishcountrysideisbeingtalkedabout.Theyconnectthefoursentencesandmaketheparagraphcompact.Sogoodconnectionbetweensentencesisthethirdpointinherentintheparagraph.

Thuswecansaythataneffectiveparagraphgenerallyhasthreefundamentalfeatures:

acentralidea,atopicsentencethatexpressesthecentralidea,andcloseconnectionbetweenthesentences.

Nowletuslookatanotherparagraph.

（2）Forgenerationsthekitchensofthevastmajorityofourhomeshaveactedasliving-roomkitchens.ThesittingroomisreservedforSundayafternoonsandspecialoccasions.Alltheweek-dayactivitieshavetobecarriedoutinthekitchen.Mealsareprepared,cookedandeatenthere;

washing,drying,ironingandsewing----allareusuallycarriedoninit.Itisinthekitchenthatthechildrenmustdotheirhomeworkwhilefathersitswithhispaperbythefire,andmothergetsoutthedarning.

J.Jones

Againinthisparagraph,wecanfindallthethreefeaturesofawell-organizedparagraph.Withthefirstsentenceasthetopicsentence,therestoftheparagraphservestobackupthecentralmeaninghowinthepastthekitchenservedasaliving-roomaswellasakitcheninmostEnglishworking-classhomes.Andallthesentencesintheparagraph,aswecanseeclearly,arewellconnected.

Nowletusstudyathirdparagraph.Itisslightlydifferentfromtheabovetwoparagraphs.

（3）Thewindpicksupandbeginstohurlitselfthroughthosedesertedstreets.Signboardsswayviolentlyfromside-to-side,seemingalmosttowanttogowiththewindthatblowsthem.Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches,causingthemtobendandbowdown.Withthewindcomestherain.Theterriblerainbeatsdown,stinginganyoneunfortunateenoughnotyettohavereachedthesafetyofhome.

A.Thomas

Wecanseethatallthesentencesinthisparagraphdescribethesceneofaviolentstorm,butwemaynotbeabletopointoutasentencewhichwecandefineasthetopicsentence.However,withoutatopicsentence,itdoeshaveacentralidea,whichisverywellexpressedbycloselyconnectedsentences.So,sometimeswefindparagraphsinwhichthetopicisnotstatedbutisimpliedinthecontent.

2.WaysofDevelopingaParagraph

1.PlanningaParagraph

Beforewewriteaparagraph,thefirstthingweshoulddoistothinkofacentralideaortheme,andweshouldwriteitdowninacompletesentence,whichwillserveasthetopicsentence.Thenweshouldthinkofthedetailsorexamplestosupportthemainidea.Weneedtoworkoutanoutlinetoputthesedetailsingoodorder.Withtheoutline,theparagraphisalmosthalf-done.

Now,letusdotheplanningofaparagraphtogether.Supposeweplantowriteaparagraphaboutcaringfortheold.Wemayfirstwritedownthesentence"

Thegenerationgapisarealityofmodemtimes."

Andnowwearrangethedetailsinthisorder:

（1）Inthepast,oldpeopleweretakencareofbytheirchildren.

（2）Oldpeopleusedtoberespectedbytheyoungergeneration.

（3）Thingsareverydifferentnow.

（4）Manyoldpeopleareleftalonetolookafterthemselves

Withthisoutline,wecanstarttowritetheparagraphwiththetopicsentenceasitsopeningsentence.

Thereisnodoubtaboutit:

thegenerationgapisarealityofmodemtimes.Inthepastanoldpersoncouldexpecttobecaredforbyhischildren.Itwascustomaryforanoldparenttomoveintothehomeofoneofhismarriedsonsordaughters.Herehewouldbelovedandhonoreduntilhisdyingday.Nowadaysthisisbynomeansthenaturalprogressionoflife.Manyoldpeopleareleftaloneto'

fendforthemselves,abandonedbytheirchildren.

2.DevelopmentbyTime

Therearemanypossiblewaystodevelopaparagraph.Thefirstonewearegoingtostudyisthemethodofdevelopmentbytime,ortowriteaparagraphinchronologicalorder.

（1）ThefirstrailroadsweredevelopedinEuropeinthesixteenthcentury.Theylookednothinglikethoseoftoday.Therailswereofwood,andthecars,smallwoodencartswhichhauledcoal,weredrawnbyhorses.Bytheearlynineteenthcentury,railroadtechnologyhadadvancedconsiderably.Steamlocomotiveshadbeendeveloped,andcastironwasusedfortracks.In1825arailroadlinebegancarryingpassengersaswellasfreight.ThatsameyearAmerica'

sfirstknownsteamlocomotivewasrunonacirculartrackatHoboken,NewJersey.SoonAmericanlocomotivesandrailroadsweremultiplyingrapidly.Manyshortraillineswerelaidduringthe1830s.Theseshortlineswerethenlinkedwithoneanother,andbytheearly1840snetworksofrailsconnectedalltheeasterncities.

B.Sherman

ThisparagraphgivesabriefhistoryoftherailroadinEuropeandAmerica.Anobviousfeatureoftheparagraphisthatthedetailsarearrangedinorderoftime.Inotherwords,thingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened,thefirstthingfirstandthelastthinglast.Thisisaneasyandclearwaytoarrangeaparagraph.Hereisanotherparagraphdevelopedinchronologicalorder.

（2）Iwalkedthroughtheschool-gateswithbutterfliesinmytummy.WouldIlikethisschool?

Wouldmyclassmateslikeme?

Wouldtheteacherbestrict?

AllthesethoughtswerebuzzinginmyheadasImountedthestairstomynewclassroom.Istoodbytheteacher'

sdeskfacingtheclass,andwasintroduced.ItrembledasIfelttheireyesallgazingcriticallyatme.TheteacherseemedkindandslippedherarmaroundmyshoulderasIfacedthestareoftheclass.Thenclassesbegan.Ilistenedtotheteacher'

swords,concentratingonmywork,andforgettingmyapprehensionandfears.Duringtherecessthegirlscrowdedroundmetofindoutallaboutme.Theyallseemedgood-naturedandIsoonfoundmyselfacceptedastheirfriend.AttheendofthedayIwalkedhomehappilyasallmyworriesofthemorninghaddissolvedtonothing.Thisnewschoolwouldbeahappyplaceforme.

Student

Inthisparagraph,theauthortellsaboutherfirstdayatanewschoolusingchronologicalorder.Phraseslike"

then"

"

duringtherecess"

attheendoftheday"

areusedtoindicatethetimewhenthingshappened.Withthismethod,theauthorgivesthereaderavividpictureofherexperienceandthechangesofherfeelingsduringtheday.

Exercises:

Writeparagraphsusingthefollowingastopics.

（1）DescribeyourfirstvisittoBeijingoranyotherbigcityinChina.

（2）Describeyourfirstdayatanewschool.

（3）Describeadayyouspentwithyourbestfriend.

（4）DescribeaQingmingFestivalwhenyousweptyourancestors’graveswithyourfamily.

3.DevelopmentbyProcess

Readthefollowingparagraph.

（1）Movinghouseisamajorupheavalinpeople'

slives.Beforethemencometoactuallymovethefurniture,manythingsmustbedoneinpreparation.Allthetoys,normallystrewnaroundthehouse,mustbegatheredtogetherandputintolargeboxesforeasytransportation.Allbookstoomustbeputawayinanorderlyfashionsoasnottobedamagedintransit.Drawersandwardrobesshouldbeemptiedandtheircontentscarefullypacked.Picturesshouldbetakendownfromthewallsandwrappedwithpropercloth.Andlastly,don'

tforgettotakedownallthecurtainsandblinds.Sooneverythingispreparedandtheremovalmenarrive.Alltheboxesandfurnitureareloadedintothelorry.Aquickcheckisnecessarytomakesuretheflatisemptyandthelorryisoffonitswaytothenewflat.

A.G.Lee

Theparagraphgivesastep-by-stepdescriptionofgettingthingsreadybeforemovingahouse.Thismethodiscalleddevelopmentbyprocess.Itisaveryusefulmethodwhenwetellpeoplehowtodothingsincorrectorder,soastoavoidmistakesorevenfailures.Beforewedevelopaparagraphbyprocess,itisimportanttomakecleartherightsequenceofthethingstobedone,andstateeverystepinaclearway.Veryoften,presenttenseisusedininstructi