汽车专业毕业设计 翻译 中英文全certain measures affecting the automobile industryWord文档下载推荐.docx

汽车专业毕业设计 翻译 中英文全certain measures affecting the automobile industryWord文档下载推荐.docx

《汽车专业毕业设计 翻译 中英文全certain measures affecting the automobile industryWord文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《汽车专业毕业设计 翻译 中英文全certain measures affecting the automobile industryWord文档下载推荐.docx（35页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

BOVINEHIDESANDTHEIMPORTOFFINISHEDLEATHER

Arbitration

underArticle21.3（c）ofthe

UnderstandingonRulesandProcedures

GoverningtheSettlementofDisputes

AwardoftheArbitrator

FlorentinoP.Feliciano

I.Introduction

1.On16 

February 

2001,theDisputeSettlementBody（the"

DSB"

）adoptedthePanelReport 

inArgentina–MeasuresAffectingtheExportofBovineHidesandtheImportofFinishedLeather（"

Argentina–HidesandLeather"

）.AttheDSBmeetingof12March2001,ArgentinainformedtheDSB,pursuanttoArticle 

21.3ofthe 

UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes 

（the"

DSU"

）,thatitwouldimplementtherecommendationsandrulingsoftheDSBinthisdisputeandthatitwouldrequirea"

reasonableperiodoftime"

todoso,underthetermsofArticle 

21.3oftheDSU.

2.InviewofitsinabilitytoreachanagreementwithArgentinaontheperiodoftimereasonablyrequiredforimplementationofthoserecommendationsandrulings,theEuropeanCommunitiesrequestedthatsuchperiodbedeterminedbybindingarbitrationpursuanttoArticle21.3（c）oftheDSU.

3.Byjointletterof12June2001,ArgentinaandtheEuropeanCommunitiesnotifiedtheDSBthattheyhadagreedthatthedurationofthe"

forimplementationshouldbedeterminedthroughbindingarbitration,underthetermsofArticle21.3（c）oftheDSU,andthatIshouldactasArbitrator.Thepartiesalsoindicatedinthatletterthattheyhadagreedtoextendthetime-periodforthearbitration,whichshallbecompletednolaterthan90daysafterthedateoftheappointmentofthearbitrator.Notwithstandingthisextensionofthetime-period,thepartiesstatedthatthearbitrationawardwouldbedeemedtobeanawardmadeunderArticle 

21.3（c）oftheDSU.MyacceptanceofthisdesignationasArbitratorwasconveyedtothepartiesbyletterof12June2001.

4.WrittensubmissionswerereceivedfromArgentinaandtheEuropeanCommunitieson3 

July 

2001,andanoralhearingwasheldon18July2001.

II.ArgumentsoftheParties

A.Argentina

5.Argentinarequeststhearbitratortofixthe"

atforty-sixmonthsandfifteendays,sothatthatperiodoftimewillexpireon31December2004.

6.ArgentinasubmitsthatthetextofArticle21.3（c）oftheDSUmakesitclearthatthe15-monthperiodprovidedasaguidelineismerelyindicative.Article21.3（c）speaksofthepossibilityoffixingaperiodoflongerthan15monthsfortheimplementationoftherecommendationsandrulingsoftheDSB.AccordingtoArgentina,thecircumstancesinthisparticulardisputewarrantthegrantingofaperiodlongerthan15monthsfortheimplementationoftheDSBrecommendationsandrulings.

7.Since1992,Argentinahasbeenworkingonaprogrammetocombattaxevasionandreformitstaxsystem.Thecornerstoneofthisprogrammeisthesystemof 

percepciones 

and 

retenciones 

appliedtothe 

ImpuestoalValorAgregado 

（the"

IVA"

）andthe 

ImpuestodeGanancias 

IG"

）.Thisprogrammetiesin,botheconomicallyandlegally,withtheobjectiveofreducingthefiscaldeficit.Theprogrammehasbeenexplicitlybackedbyvariousinternationalfinancialagencies,inparticular,theInternationalMonetaryFund（the"

IMF"

）.TheagreementsconcludedwiththeIMFsetoutanumberofquantitativetargets,notablyforthelevelsoffiscaldeficit,primaryspendingandpublicdebt,thataremonitoredonaquarterlybasisthroughouttheperiodcoveredbytheprogramme.FailureofArgentinatoachievethesetargetswouldprecludedisbursementofthefundsotherwiseavailableundertheagreements.

8.Argentinastressesthatitsfiscalpositionhasseriouslydeterioratedoverthepastyears,essentiallyasaresultofthefallintaxrevenuebroughtaboutbytheeconomicrecessionthatbeganinthethirdquarterof1998inthewakeofthe1997"

Asiancrisis"

.Inthiscontextofeconomicrecession,Argentinasoughttoreducethedeficitbyincreasingtaxes,andreducingprimaryspending.Theseeffortsmustcontinuethisyearandoverthenextfewyears.

9.Underthesecircumstances,ArgentinaarguesthatlegalandfiscaldifficultieswouldresultfromeliminatingtheextrafinancialburdenimposedonimportersasaresultoftheadvancesontheIVAandIGatrateshigherthanthoseappliedtodomestictransactions,througha"

downwardequalization"

oftheratesappliedtoimports.

10.Argentina,atthesametime,contendsthatalthoughintheoryitwouldbepossibletocomplywiththefindingsofthePanelthroughan"

upwardequalization"

oftheratesofthesaidpaymentsonaccount,thatis,byincreasingtheratesfordomestictransactions,theeffectsofsuchameasureonArgentina'

scurrentsituation,whenthecountryistryingtorecoverfromrecession,wouldmakethemeasurespoliticallyandeconomicallyunfeasible.Similarly,theintroductionofasystemofrefundingintereststoimporters,wouldinvolvesettingupaverycomplexadministrativemechanismtoensureaccuratecalculationofinterestdue.Moreover,itwouldopenthedoortocomplaintsfromtherelevantdomesticsectors,complicatingfurtherthefiscalsituation.

11.Argentinasubmitsthatthestructureofitstaxsystemjustifiestherequestedtime-limit.UnderArgentinalaw,thereisasetofregulationsgoverningtheconditionsandtime-limitsforactionbythenationalauthoritiesinthedomesticsphere.Intheexternalsphere,thereisasetofpaymentobligationsandcommitmentsassumedbyArgentinathatcanonlybehonouredbystrictcompliancewiththelawsinforce:

theNationalBudgetLawNo.25,401of12December2000andtheFiscalSolvencyLawNo.25,152of15September1999.

12.Argentinadescribestheprocessbywhichitsannualbudgetisenactedasfollows.InSeptemberofeachyear,theExecutivesubmitstotheCongressoftheNationitsdraftbudgetforthefollowingfinancialyear,containingestimatedincomeandexpenditureauthorizations.First,itisexaminedbytheBudgetandFinanceCommitteeoftheChamberofDeputies.OncethatCommitteehasissueditsopinion,thedraftbudgetisexaminedbytheChamber,anduponapprovalbytheChamberofDeputies,itispassedontotheBudgetandFinanceCommitteeoftheSenatebeforefinaltransmissiontotheSenate.WhenithasbeenapprovedbybothChambers,itispromulgatedbytheExecutive,whichhaspartialvetoauthority.Oncethisprocesshasbeencompleted,theNationalBudgetbecomesaLawoftheNation,andcanbeamendedonlybyanothernationallaw.

13.Thetextofthelawisaccompanied, 

interalia 

byanumberofannexedtablesprovidingabreakdownofthebudgetaryinformation（income,expenditure,financing,etc.）accordingtotheorganizationofthenationaladministrationanditsdecentralizedbodies.Thetaxrevenueforecastisbrokendownaccordingtothedifferenttaxes（IG,IVA,PersonalPropertyTax,etc.）andsetoutindetailintheExecutive'

sannualletterofsubmissiontotheNationalCongress.

14.TheprojectedamountsarethenincorporatedinthefinalestimateofincomethatisultimatelyapprovedbyCongress.Thespecificationoftheseamounts,oncetheyareincludedinthebudget,formspartoftheLawandmakeuptheestimateofincomefortheentirefinancialyear;

inotherwords,theycanonlybeamendedbyanotherlaw,sinceanychangewouldinvolveaconsequentialchangeintheexpenditure/incomeequationandthedeficitlevelalreadyapproved.

15.Argentinafurtherexplainsthat,atthesametime,thetaxsystemistiedtotheLawonFiscalSolvencywhichprovides, 

interalia, 

fortheprogressivereductionofthenationalpublicdeficitwithaviewtobalancingthebudgetby2005.ThisLawestablishestargetdeficitlevelsforeachyear,andanychangeinthedeficitlevelsindicatedwouldalsorequirealegislativeamendment.BecauseoftherelationshipbetweentheLawonFiscalSolvencyandtheBudgetLaw,estimatedincomeandexpenditurewillhavetobeadjustedinordertoreducethedeficittoattainthetargetprescribed.Theprocedurewillhavetobeappliedbylawineachofthesucceedingfinancialyearsuntiltheprocessiscompletedin2005.

16.TheLawonFiscalSolvencyalsolaysdowntheobligationtoincludeintheletterofsubmissionoftheannualbudgetamulti-yearbudgetcoveringatleastthreeyears.Inotherwords,theExecutivemustsubmittotheCongress,togetherwiththebudgetforthecomingyear,amulti-yearprojectioncontainingestimatesofincomeonthebasisofexistingtaxrateswhichmeanscalculatingtheadvancesintheformof 

neededinordertomeettheobjectivesoftheLawonFiscalSolvencyfor31December2004.

17.Asaresult,intheviewofArgentina,itisnotpossibletoamendthebudgetcurrentlyinforcewithoutalteringitsdeficittargetaswellasthedeficittargetoftheLawonFiscalSolvency.Norisitpossible,inthecurrentsituation,toalterthesystemofcustomslevies.Thatsystemisnotonlylinkedtoimports,butisalsopartofacomprehensiveschemetocombattaxevasionwhichincludesleviesonpurchasesinthedomesticmarketandthe 

regime.Thesystemmakesitpossibletomaintainbettermonitoringoftheobligationsoftaxpayerswhileprovidingthemwithadequateincentivestodeclareandregularizetheiroperations.

18.ArgentinabelievesthatasingleandimmediatemodificationofthisregimeinvolvingareductionoftheratesofleviesonimportswouldclashwiththeobjectiveoftheLawonFiscalSolvency,sinceitwouldinvolveasignificantlossintaxrevenue.Moreover,theagree