introduction写作方法及技巧.docx

introduction写作方法及技巧.docx

《introduction写作方法及技巧.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《introduction写作方法及技巧.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

introduction写作方法及技巧

introduction写作方法及技巧

科技学术论文Introduction

引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，性质与意义，动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等，同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白，以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度，一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可，不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献，否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。

first：

提出研究现状和此研究的重要性

second：

强调有必要解决存在的问题

third：

介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性

逻辑的连贯

内容的创新

词汇简洁

时态

1.Whatisanintroduction?

Theintroductionsectionshowsthequestionsthatshouldbeansweredforthereadersoncetheyfinishreadingthe“Introduction”.

2.What’sthepurposeoftheintroduction?

Theintroductioncomesatthestartofapieceofwriting.Withoutthispart,thereadercannoteasilyunderstandthemoredetailedinformationabouttheresearchthatcomeslaterinthethesis.

Itintroduces:

（1）.theresearchbysituatingit（bygivingbackground）,

（2）.presentingtheresearchproblem,andsayinghowandwhythisproblemwillbesolved,

（9）givesdetailsaboutthemethodology

详细描述了论文中所用的方法

（10）announcesthefindings

公布了论文的结论

6.Fourcomponentsofamodel.

（1）Establishtheimportanceofyourfield

Providebackground/facts/information（possiblyfromresearch）

Definetheterminologyinthetitle/keywords

Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus

确立研究领域的重要性

提供背景事实或信息（有可能来自现有文献）

定义题目或关键词中的术语

给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点

（2）Previousand/orcurrentresearchandcontributions

前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献

（3）Locateagapintheresearch

Describetheproblemyouwilladdress

Presentapredictiontobetested

确定已有研究工作的空白；

描述你要解决的问题

呈现要验证的预测

（4）Describethepresentpaper

描述现在的论文

7.Grammarandwritingskills.

语法时态写作技巧

8.Vocabulary

词汇的简洁

举例三篇文章：

1.GeneexpressionprofilingandpathwayanalysisofhepatotoxicityinducedbytriptolideinWistarrats

在Wistar大鼠中，通过基因表达谱和通路分析由雷公藤甲素诱导的肝毒性

引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，例如本文中，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，TP的性质

Triptolide（diterpenoidtriepoxide,TP）,purifiedfromtheshrublikevineTripterygiumwilfondiiHookF（TWHF）

与药理学意义

possessesanti-inflammatory,anti-fertility,anti-neoplasticandimmunosuppressiveactivities

实验的动机

However,clinicaluseofTWHForTPhasbeenlimitedduetosevereadversereactions,suchasgastrointestinalupset,diarrhea,reproductivetoxicityandproblemsassociatedwithcirculatorysystems

目的

wehypothesizedthatliverisamajortoxictargetofTPtreatment.Thus,itisessentialtoelucidatethemechanismofTP-inducedhepatotoxicityfromasafetypointofview.

theaimofourstudywastoidentifycandidategenesassociatedwithTPtreatmentandtoprovidenovelinsightstobetterelucidatethemechanismsoftoxiceffectsofTP.

主要理论根据及其基本原理

Consideringthatmicroarraytechnologyisrecognizedasareliabletoxicologicamethodtodeterminemechanismsofdrug-inducedtoxicity,identifybiomarkersandtopredictchemicaltoxicity.Therefore,theaimofourstudywastoidentifycandidategenesassociatedwithTPtreatmentandtoprovidenovelinsightstobetterelucidatethemechanismsoftoxiceffectsofTP.

同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果

possessesanti-inflammatory,anti-fertility,anti-neoplasticandimmunosuppressiveactivities（Chen,2001;Huynhetal.,2000;Panichakuletal.,2006）.

haveemergedastreatmentsofrheumatoidarthritis,systemiclupuserythematosus,nephritis,leprosyandasthma（LipskyandTao,1997;Liuetal.,2005;Zhangetal.,2010）.

clinicaluseofTWHForTPhasbeenlimitedduetosevereadversereactions,suchasgastrointestinalupset,diarrhea,reproductivetoxicityandproblemsassociatedwithcirculatorysystems（Hikimetal.,2000;Nietal.,2008;Yangetal.,2012;Zhangetal.,2011）.

Recently,hepatotoxicityinducedbyvariousextractsofTWHFinanimalsandhumanshasbeenreportedbymanyresearches（Heetal.,2006;Meietal.,2005;Wangetal.,2007）

Todate,onlymitochondrialrespiratorychaininhibition,lipidperoxidation,DNAdamageandhepatocyteapoptosiswereproposedtobeinvolvedinTP-inducedliverinjury（Fuetal.,2011;Meietal.,2005;Yaoetal.,2008）.等

存在问题和知识空白

Hepaticdifferentialgeneexpressionwasanalyzedusingoligonucleotidemicroarrayanalysisforover-representedfunctionsandphenotypicallyanchoredtocomplementaryhistopathologic,biochemical,anddosimetrydataintheliver.TheresultsindicatethatTPaffectsdiversecellularpathways,includinginsulinsignalingpathway,glucosemetabolism,cellcycling,oxidativestressandapoptosis.ThesedataprovideaclearerunderstandingofthemolecularmechanismsofTP-inducedhepatotoxicity,aswellasusefulinformationforpredictingdrughepatotoxicity.

以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，

Triptolide（diterpenoidtriepoxide,TP）,purifiedfromtheshrublikevineTripterygiumwilfondiiHookF（TWHF）,possessesanti-inflammatory,anti-fertility,anti-neoplasticandimmunosuppressiveactivities（Chen,2001;Huynhetal.,2000;Panichakuletal.,2006）.Recently,themethanol/chloroform（T2）andethylacetate（EA）extractsofTWHF,inwhichTPwasidentifiedastheprincipalactivecompound,haveemergedastreatmentsofrheumatoidarthritis,systemiclupuserythematosus,nephritis,leprosyandasthma（LipskyandTao,1997;Liuetal.,2005;Zhangetal.,2010）.However,clinicaluseofTWHForTPhasbeenlimitedduetosevereadversereactions,suchasgastrointestinalupset,diarrhea,reproductivetoxicityandproblemsassociatedwithcirculatorysystems（Hikimetal.,2000;Nietal.,2008;Yangetal.,2012;Zhangetal.,2011）.

Recently,hepatotoxicityinducedbyvariousextractsofTWHFinanimalsandhumanshasbeenreportedbymanyresearches（Heetal.,2006;Meietal.,2005;Wangetal.,2007）.Besides,Liuetal.,（2010）foundthatpotentialhepatotoxicityinratstreatedwithTPfor28dayswasassociatedwithincreasinglevelsofserumalanineaminotransferase（ALT）andaspartateaminotransferase（AST）（Liuetal.,2010）.Moreover,itwasreportedthatoraladministrationofTPtoratscouldleadtoliverinjuryorevendeath（Fuetal.,2011）.Inadditiontothis,ourpreviousinvestigationshowedthattheconcentrationofTPfoundinliverexceedsthoseobservedinothertissues,suchasspleen,lung,heart,andkidney（unpublisheddata）.Onaccountofthis,wehypothesizedthatliverisamajortoxictargetofTPtreatment.Thus,itisessentialtoelucidatethemechanismofTP-inducedhepatotoxicityfromasafetypointofview.

Unfortunately,itsunderlingmechanismsarestillinsufficientlyrecognized.Todate,onlymitochondrialrespiratorychaininhibition,lipidperoxidation,DNAdamageandhepatocyteapoptosiswereproposedtobeinvolvedinTP-inducedliverinjury（Fuetal.,2011;Meietal.,2005;Yaoetal.,2008）.Consideringthatmicroarraytechnologyisrecognizedasareliabletoxicologicamethodtodeterminemechanismsofdrug-inducedtoxicity,identifybiomarkersandtopredictchemicaltoxicity（Leeetal.,2010;Wangetal.,2011）.Therefore,theaimofourstudywastoidentifycandidategenesassociatedwithTPtreatmentandtoprovidenovelinsightstobetterelucidatethemechanismsoftoxiceffectsofTP.

Here,wedescribegenome-widegeneexpressionintheTP-exposedWistarfemaleratliver.Differentialgeneexpressionwasevaluatedin6-week-oldfemaleWistarratliversfollowing14daysofcontinuousexposuretolargedosesofTP.Hepaticdifferentialgeneexpressionwasanalyzedusingoligonucleotidemicroarrayanalysisforover-representedfunctionsandphenotypicallyanchoredtocomplementaryhistopathologic,biochemical,anddosimetrydataintheliver.TheresultsindicatethatTPaffectsdiversecellularpathways,includinginsulinsignalingpathway,glucosemetabolism,cellcycling,oxidativestressandapoptosis.ThesedataprovideaclearerunderstandingofthemolecularmechanismsofTP-inducedhepatotoxicity,aswellasusefulinformationforpredictingdrughepatotoxicity.

2.综述

Bloodvessels,apotentialtherapeutictargetinrheumatoidarthritis?

血管，类风湿性关节炎潜在的治疗靶标？

Introduction

Rheumatoidarthritis（RA）canbedefinedasadiseaseofthebloodvessels,bothmicro-andmacro-vessels.Theformationofnewmicro-vesselsisinfactnecessarytoaffordthenutritionalsupplytoproliferatingsynovialpannus,whilemacro-vesselsarethesitewhereacceleratedatherosclerosisdrivenbydisease’ssystemicinflammationdevelops.Newvesselsformationononeside,andatheroscleroticplaqueprogressionontheother,mightseemtwodifferentbiologicalphenomena,thefirstrelatedtothearticularinvolvementofthedisease,thesecondtoitsmainsystemiccomplication.Inthiscontext,targetingbloodvesselsinRAmightmeaneitherattemptingtoreducesynovialvascularsupplystarvingthesynovialpannuslimitingitsproliferationor,intheothercase,tryingtolimitmacro-vessels’damageoutsidethejoint.Inthisreviewwewillanalysethepossibilityoftargetingsynovialmicrovesselstotreatrheumatoidarthritis,butwewilldiscussaswelltheevidencesupportingalinkbetweenmicro-andmacro-vascularinvolvementsinRA.

综述的介绍，介绍所提到物质的基本概念，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，RA与血管生成相关，与血管生成的必要性，在这里，说明该文章立题的主要依据与主要原理，并提出在此综述中接下来会说到的内容，如：

作者将分析滑膜微血管治疗类风湿关节炎的可能性，且讨论，血管与RA微观和宏观之间联系的证据。

概念由浅入深，词汇简介，介绍基本概念时使用一般时态，提到文章后续会介绍的内容时使用将来时，对未来内容的展望。

3.介绍功能性文章

DissectionofTNFReceptor1EffectorFunctions:

JNKActivationIsNotLinkedtoApoptosisWhileNF-kBActivationPreventsCellDeath

肿瘤坏死因子受体1的效应功能：

NF-kB的活化阻止细胞死亡，JNK活化未关联凋亡

这篇文章的简介有1318词，系统的介绍了TNF的含义，分类，受体类型，相关的两个转录因子，AP-1、NF-kB、TNF所经过的通路，通路中所涉及的许多其他细胞因子，由于是介绍功能性文章，这样的背景知识很重要，所以虽然Introduction很长，但是有意义。

逻辑连贯由各部分功能连接到总体功能，均采用一般时介绍，时态统一。

Tumornecrosisfactor（TNF）isacytokineproducedbymanycelltypes,includingmacrophages,monocytes,lymphoidcells,andfibroblasts,inresponsetoinflamma-tion,infection,andotherenvironmentalchallenges（Tra-ceyandCerami,1993）.TNFelicitsawidespectruoforganismalandcellularresponses,