TPO 23阅读详细解析Word文档下载推荐.docx

TPO 23阅读详细解析Word文档下载推荐.docx

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A.remainbelow

B.behigherthan

C.addto

D.comecloseto

3.Accordingtoparagraph2,howsoonheatfromawarmedhousereachestheoutsideairgreatlyaffectedby

A.howwellthehouseisheated

B.howwellthehouseisinsulated

C.howmanyadultsliveinthehouse

D.howmuchsunshinethehousereceives

4.Accordingtoparagraph3,eachofthefollowingcontributestomakingurbanareaswarmerthanthesurroundingcountrysideEXCEPT

A.thefuelburnedbymotorvehicles

B.thecapacitytostoreheatofthematerialsusedinbuildingacity

C.theeasyflowofheatintothegroundincityareascoveredbyvegetation

D.therepeatedreflectionofsolarradiationbackandforthamongbuildings

5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whydomaterialsinthecountrysidehavealowerheatcapacitythanmaterialsincitiesdo?

A.InthecountrysideintheSunistheonlyimportantsourceofheat.

B.Constructionmaterialsinthecityarenotasgoodatkeepingbuildingswarmastheyareinthecountryside.

C.Inthecountrysidethesolarheatthatflowsintothegroundflowsoutagainquickly.

D.Countrysidevegetationpreventsheatfrombeingtrappedintheground.

6.Howisparagraph3organized?

A.Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandthenprovidestwocausesforthesecondfactor.

B.Itdescribestwocausesdiscoveredinanearlyanalysisoftheincreasedheatofcities.

C.Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandtwootherfactorsthatworkagainstit.

D.Itdescribestwowell-establishedcausesoftheincreasedheatofcitiesandothertwowhoserolesarelesswellunderstood.

7.Theword“configuration”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.location

B.history

C.temperature

D.shape

8.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatcanexplainthesubstantialdifferencesintemperaturebetweenoneareaandotherwithinawell-developedheatisland?

A.Theoverallsizeoftheheatislandthatincludesthetworeasons

B.Theintensifyoftheheatislandthatincludesthetwoareas

C.Differencesbetweenthetwoareasinthegenerallevelofactivity,includingtraffic

D.Differencesbetweenthetwoareasintheinsulationmaterialsusedinconstruction

9.Paragraph4supportstheideathatacity’sheat-islandintensitywouldincreaseif

A.thecitywentintoaneconomicdeclineandlostpopulation

B.thecity’seconomyshiftedfromheavyindustrytohealthcareandeducation

C.therewasanupwardtrendintheaverageageofthecity’sresidents

D.repairworkonthestreetsslowedtrafficthroughoutthecity

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,surfacesinthecityaregenerallydrierthansurfacesinthecountrysidebetweenperiodsofrainfallbecause

A.inthecitygentlerainismuchmorecommonthanheavyrain

B.hightemperaturesinthecityspeeduptheprocessofevaporation

C.inthecitytherearelongerperiodsofdryweatherbetweenepisodesofrain

D.rainwaterinthecitycannotsoakintomostsurfacesandquicklyrunsoff

11.Theword“modified”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.changed

B.blocked

C.increased

D.weakened

12.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingisafactorresponsibleforthegreaterairturbulenceinurbanenvironments?

A.Thehighspeedofthewindstravellingabovecities

B.Thegreaterrainfalltotalsrecordedincities

C.Attemptstoreduceurbanairpollution

D.Theeffectsoftallbuildingsonairflow

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Anotherpossibilityisfortheheatislandtobestretchedalongthecourseofmajorrivers,sincelargewaterwaystypicallyhaveawarmingeffectontheairdirectlyabovethem.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

14.Citiescreateclimaticconditionsoftheirownthroughtheirphysicalstructureandurbanactivities.

AnswerChoices

A.Theamountofheatproducedinacitywillbereducedwhencitiesusetheheatfromcarstowarmhomes.

B.Thebuilt-uplandscapeofthecityreadilybecomesaheatisland,withgreaterwaterrunoffandspecialclimaticconditionssuchaslowrelativehumidityandincreasedairturbulence.

C.Thematerialsfromwhichcitiesarebuiltandtheeffectsofpollutiondomeshelpmakeurbanareaswarmerthanruralareas.

D.Citiestendtobewarmerthantheirsurroundingareas,inpartbecausetheyproduceheatbyburningfuelforheating,poweringvehicles,andindustrialproduction.

E.Inmostcities,theheatingthatresultsfromsolarradiationisintensifiedbycarbondioxide,agasthatispresentatveryhighconcentrationsincities’atmospheres.

F.Duringperiodswithoutrainfall,theairincitiesheatsupandcauseswindstoslowdown,withtheresultthatpollutantsarenotdispersed.

UrbanClimates

Thecityisanextraordinaryprocessorofmassandenergyandhasitsownmetabolism.Adailyinputofwater,food,andenergyofvariouskindsismatchedbyanoutputofsewage,solidwaste,airpollutants,energy,andmaterialsthathavebeentransformedinsomeway.Thequantitiesinvolvedareenormous.Manyaspectsofthisenergyuseaffecttheatmosphereofacity,particularlyintheproductionofheat.

InwintertheheatproducedbyacitycanequalorsurpasstheamountofheatavailablefromtheSun.Alltheheatthatwarmsabuildingeventuallytransferstothesurroundingair,aprocessthatisquickestwherehousesarepoorlyinsulated.Butanautomobileproducesenoughheattowarmanaveragehouseinwinter,andifahousewereperfectlyinsulated,oneadultcouldalsoproducemorethanenoughheattowarmit.Therefore,evenwithoutanyindustrialproductionofheat,anurbanareatendstobewarmerthanthecountrysidethatsurroundsit.

Theburningoffuel,suchasbycars,isnottheonlysourceofthisincreasedheat.Twootherfactorscontributetothehigheroveralltemperatureincities.Thefirstistheheatcapacityofthematerialsthatconstitutethecity,whichistypicallydominatedbyconcreteandasphalt.Duringtheday,heatfromtheSuncanbeconductedintothesematerialsandstored—tobereleasedatnight.Butinthecountrysidematerialshaveasignificantlylowerheatcapacitybecauseavegetativeblanketpreventsheatfromeasilyflowingintoandoutoftheground.ThesecondfactoristhatradiantheatcomingintothecityfromtheSunistrappedintwoways:

（1）byacontinuingseriesofreflectionamongthenumerousverticalsurfacesthatbuildingspresentand

（2）bythedustdome,thecloudlikelayerofpollutedairthatmostcitiesproduce.ShortwaveradiationfromtheSunpassesthroughthepollutiondomemoreeasilythanoutgoinglongwaveradiationdoes;

thelatterisabsorbedbythegaseouspollutantsofthedomeandreradiatedbacktotheurbansurface.

Cities,then,arewarmerthanthesurroundingruralareas,andtogethertheyproduceaphenomenonknownastheurbanheatisland.Heatislandsdevelopbestunderparticularconditionsassociatedwithlightwinds,buttheycanformalmostanytime.Thepreciseconfigurationofaheatislanddependsonseveralfactors.Forexample,thewindcanmakeaheatislandstretchinthedirectionitblows.Whenaheatislandiswelldeveloped,variationscanbeextreme;

inwinter,busystreetsincitiescanbe1.7℃warmerthanthesidestreets.Areasneartrafficlightscanbesimilarlywarmerthantheareasbetweenthembecauseoftheeffectofcarsstandingintrafficinsteadofmoving.Themaximumdifferencesintemperaturebetweenneighboringurbanandruralenvironmentsiscalledtheheat-islandintensityforthatregion.Ingeneral,thelargerthecity,thegreateritsheat-islandintensity.Theactuallevelofintensitydependsonsuchfactorsasthephysicallayout,populationdensity,andproductiveactivitiesofametropolis.

Thesurface-atmosphererelationshipsinsidemetropolitanareasproduceanumberofclimaticpeculiarities.Foronething,thepresenceorabsenceofmoistureisaffectedbythespecialqualitiesoftheurbansurface.Withmuchofthebuilt-uplandscapeimpenetrablebywater,evengentlerainrunsoffalmostimmediatelyfromrooftops,streets,andparkinglots.Thus,citysurfaces,aswellastheairabovethem,tendtobedrierbetweenepisodesofrain;

withlittlewateravailableforthecoolingprocessofevaporation,relativehumiditiesareusuallylower.Windmovementsarealsomodifiedincitiesbecausebuildingsincreasethefrictiononairflowingaroundthem.Thisfrictiontendstoslowthespeedofwinds,makingthemfarlessefficientatdispersingpollutants.Ontheotherhand,airturbulenceincreasesbecauseoftheeffectofskyscrapersonairflow.Rainfallisalsoincreasedincities.Thecauseappearstobeinpartgreaterturbulenceintheurbanatmosphereashotairrisesfromthebuilt-upsurface.

Cities,then,arewarmerthanthesurroundingruralareas,andtogethertheyproduceaphenomenonknownastheurbanheatisland.Heatislandsdevelopbestunderparticularconditionsassociatedwithlightwinds,buttheycanformalmostanytime.■Thepreciseconfigurationofaheatislanddependsonseveralfactors.■Forexample,thewindcanmakeaheatislandstretchinthedirectionitblows.■Whenaheatislandiswelldeveloped,variationscanbeextreme;

inwinter,busystreetsincitiescanbe1.7℃warmerthanthesidestreets.■Areasneartrafficlightscanbesimilarlywarmerthantheareasbetweenthembecauseoftheeffectofcarsstandingintrafficinsteadofmoving.Themaximumdifferencesintemperaturebe