英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法 (1).doc

英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法 (1).doc

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ComparisonandContrast

比较和对照的写作方法

目标：

掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较着重相似点，而对照强调不同之处）；

二．使用比较和对照写作方法的一般是说明文与论说文，常见的比较对照有两种方式:

1.块状比较方式（blockmethod），先A后B，即A1,A2,A3...；B1，B2，B3...。

2.逐点比较方式（point-by-pointmethod），AB交错，即A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3...。

范文一：

CountryLifeandCityLife

Itisreallyhardtosaywhichisbetterthantheother,citylifeorrurallife.Bothhavetheirmeritsandshortcomings.

Livinginthecityhasagreatmanyadvantages.First,youcanenjoyvariouskindsoffoods,bothforeignanddomestic.Second,therearemoreculturalactivitiesinthecity–youcangototheconcert,thetheatre,themoviesorthediscoclubafteraday’shardwork.Butcitylifehasmanyproblems,too.Theovercrowdedpopulation,trafficjam,industrialpollution,andthelackofunderstandingbetweenpeoplemayresultindiseaseandunhappiness.Livinginthecountry,however,youcanwatchthemagnificentsunriseandsunsetandlistentothebirdsinginginthetree.Ifyouwant,youcancertainlyhaveahugegardenwhenasmallgreenspaceseemsaluxuryinthecity.Inthecountry,youdon’thavesomucnworries.Youcanenjoythepleasureofworkbyplantingseedsintheearthandwatchingthemgrowintoflowersandfinallyintofruitsorfood.Butrurallifemaynotbethatperfect.Thingsaregoingsoslowlythatsometimesyoumayfeelthatyouareabsoluteleftbehindinsomeremotecornersoftheworld.Youmayagainmisstheparties,friendsandmoviesinthecity.

Likeanythingelse,countrylifeandcitylifehavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.Thebestsolutionmaybethatyouenjoypleasuresofbothlivesandgetridoftheirinconveniences.

范文二：

MiddleSchoolLifeandCollegeLife

Therearemanydifferencesbetweenmiddleschoolandthecollege.First，inmiddleschool，wehavetolistentowhattheteachersaysinclass,tounderstandthecontentofthetext.Butincollege，wemuststudybyourselvesbeforeclass.Ifnot，wecouldn'tfollowtheteacher.Second，therearelotsofrulesinmiddleschool.Forexample，weshouldweartheuniform，thegirlsmusthavetheirhaircutshort，andwearenotallowedtomakeboy-orgirlfriends.However，incollege，wehavemorefreedom.Wecanweartheclotheswelike.Andthegirlscouldhavelongbeautifulhair.Wearealsofreetomakeboyorgirlfriends.Thethird，inthemiddleschool，wemuststudyfirst.Thatmeanswecoulddonothingbutstudy.Incontrast，wehavetodoeverythingbyourselvesincollege.Thatmeanswemustplanourtimecarefully.Therearealsootherdifferencesbetweenourschoollifeandourcollegelife.Wehavetolearntoadaptourselvestocollegelife.

三．写作步骤

1.写前阶段：

写作提纲

1）对两个对象或一个对象的两个方面进行比较与对照分析，找出相似点/不同之处。

如分析Onlineshopingorin-storeshopping（网络购物还是店内购

Advantages

Disadvantages

Onlineshopping

Convenient;

Cheap;

Alotofselections

Cheated;

Cannotseetheitemsinperson;

In-storeshopping

Personal,talk;

Knowthequality;

Goodforhealth

Expensive;

Time-consuming;

tiring

2.写作阶段：

利用相关资料，组织结构与内容

1）Usefulwordsandphrases:

比较：

like,similarly,likewise,inthesameway,inthesamemanner,equally.

对照：

bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereas,ontheotherhand,unlike,instead,but,conversely,differentfrom,however,nevertheless,otherwise,whereas,unlike,yet,incontrast.

2）Usefulexpressions

Ø     Justlikeacoinhastwosides,everytinghasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages,and…isnoexception.

Ø     Theadvantagefaroutweighthedisadvantages.

Ø     TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB.

Ø     AmaybepreferabletoB,butAsuffersfromthedisadvantagesthat...

Ø     Forallthedisadvantages,ithasitscompensatingadvantages.

Ø     Likeanythingelse,ithasitsfaults.

Ø     AandBhasseveralpointsincommon.

Ø     AbearssomeresemblancestoB.

Ø     However,thesameisnotapplicabletoB.

Ø     AandBdifferinseveralways.

Ø     Evidently,ithasbothnegativeandpositiveeffects.

Ø     ThesameistrueofB.

Ø     WonderingasAis,ithasitsdrawbacks.

Ø     ItistruethatA...,butthechieffaults（obviousdefects）are...

　I.Introduction：

       Comparisonandcontrastisamethodthatisoftenusedbywriterstoanalyzethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwosubjects.Tocompareistobringoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwothings，andtocontrast，whichisaformofcomparison，istoemphasizethedifferencesbetweenthem.Asaresult，wecanunderstandthetwosubjectsbetterthanwewoulddoifwejustexaminethetwoindividually.

　　Inwritingacomparisonandcontrastessay，youmayemphasizeeitherthesimilaritiesorthedifferencesbetweenthetwosubjects，orifyoulike，youmayincludeinyouressayboththesimilaritiesanddifferences.Nomatterwhatyoumayemphasizeinyouressay，rememberyoushouldmakeapointinyouressay，thatis，thereshouldbeapurposeformakingthecomparisonandthecontrast.Ifthetwoitemsaretoosimilarortoodifferent，therewon’tbeanypointincomparingorcontrastingthem.

　　II.Threepurposesformakingacomparisonandcontrast：

　　A.Topresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliarbycomparingitwithsomethingfamiliar.

　　B.Toshowthesuperiorityofonethingbycomparingitwithanother.

　　C.Toshowthereaderofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftwothingstohelpthereaderunderstandorevaluatethem.

　　III.Theorganizationofacomparisonandcontrastessay：

　　A.Howtointroduceacomparisonandcontrastessay

　　Youcanintroduceyourcomparisonandcontrastessaybyexplainingclearyourpurposeformakingthecomparisonand/orcontrast.Youcanalsopresentthebackgroundinformationthatpromotesyoutowritetheessay.

　　B.Howtoorganizethebodyofacomparisonandcontrastessay：

　　Whenyoucometothebodyofacomparisonandcontrastessay，youshouldfollowthefollowingtwosteps：

　　1.Identifyingthepoints：

Ifyoudon’tknowwhatpointstocompareand/orcontrastaboutthesubjects，youcancreatealistofpotentialpointsforeachofthesubjects.Thenyoucanrearrangethesepoints.

　　2.Choosinganeffectivepatterntoorganizethesimilaritiesanddifferences.

　　a）Thesubject-by-subjectpattern：

topresenteachofthetwosubjectsseparately，thatis，topresentfirstaboutoneofthesubjects，coveringthepointscompletely，thenproceedtotheothersubject，alsocoveringallthepointscompletely.Ingeneral，thiswayworksbetterinshortessayswherefewaspectsareconsidered，orwherethewriter’sinterestisinthewhole.Itspatternislikethefollowing：

　　b）Thepoint-by-pointpattern：

todiscussthetwosubjectsforeachpointofcomparisonandcontrast，thatis，youwriteaboutthefirstpointintermsofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwosubjects，thenproceedtothenextpoint，andsoon.Thiswayispreferableinlongessayswheremanyaspectsarementioned，foralongdiscussionofthevariousaspectsofoneitemputstoomuchburdenonthereader’smemory.Itspatternislikethefollowing：

　　c）Thesim-diffpattern：

Thewriterputsallthesimilaritiesbetweenthesubjectstogetherandallthedifferencestogether.Thistechniqueissuitableforthosesubjectswhosesimilaritiesanddifferencesaremorebalanced.Inanessayusingthispatterntoorganizethebodypart，thewholeessaywillbearrangedinthefollowingway：

　　　　　　Introduction

　　　　　　Similarities

　　　　　　Differences

　　　　　　Conclusion

　　C.Howtoendacomparisonandcontrastessay：

　　Yourconclusionshouldhelpyourreadersdrawconclusions.Youmayproposeanaction，stimulatethereaderormakeageneralization.Youcanalsorestateyourpurposeinafreshway.