Ludwig Wittgenstein.docx

Ludwig Wittgenstein.docx

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LudwigWittgenstein

LudwigWittgenstein

（RedirectedfromWittgenstein）

LudwigWittgensteinWesternPhilosophy

20thcenturyphilosophy

Fullname

LudwigJosefJohannWittgenstein

Birth

26April1889

Vienna,Austria-Hungary

Death

29April1951（aged62）

Cambridge,UnitedKingdom

School/tradition

Analyticphilosophy,Post-AnalyticPhilosophy

Maininterests

Logic,Metaphysics,Philosophyoflanguage,Philosophyofmathematics,Philosophyofmind,Epistemology

Notableideas

"Meaningisuse,"privatelanguageargument,conceptualtherapy.

Influencedby[show]

Influenced[show]

LudwigJosefJohannWittgenstein（pronounced[ˈluːtvɪçˈjoːzɛfˈjoːhanˈvɪtgənʃtaɪn]）（26April1889–29April1951）wasanAustrianphilosopherwhoworkedprimarilyinlogic,thephilosophyofmathematics,thephilosophyofmind,andthephilosophyoflanguage.[1]Asoneofthetwentiethcentury'smostimportantphilosophers,hisinfluencehasbeenwide-ranging.

Beforehisdeathattheageof62,[2]theonlybook-lengthworkWittgensteinhadpublishedwastheTractatusLogico-Philosophicus.PhilosophicalInvestigations,whichWittgensteinworkedoninhislateryears,waspublishedshortlyafterhedied.Bothoftheseworksareregardedashighlyinfluentialinanalyticphilosophy.[3][4]

Contents

[hide]

∙1Life

o1.1Earlylife

o1.2WorldWarI

▪1.2.1DevelopingtheTractatus

o1.3The"lostyears"aftertheTractatus

o1.4ReturntoCambridge

o1.5Finalyears

∙2Work

o2.1TheTractatus

o2.2Intermediateworks

o2.3PhilosophicalInvestigations

∙3Criticism

∙4Influence

o4.1Trivia

∙5Bibliography

o5.1Works

▪5.1.1Worksonline

o5.2Furtherreading

o5.3WorksaboutWittgenstein

∙6Seealso

∙7Notesandreferences

∙8Externallinks

[edit]Life

LudwigWittgensteinwasborninViennaon26April1889,toKarlandLeopoldineWittgenstein.Hewastheyoungestofeightchildren,bornintooneofthemostprominentandwealthyfamiliesintheAustro-Hungarianempire.Hisfather'sparents,HermannChristianandFannyWittgenstein,werebornintoJewishfamiliesbutlaterconvertedtoProtestantism,andaftertheymovedfromSaxonytoViennainthe1850s,assimilatedintotheVienneseProtestantprofessionalclasses.Ludwig'sfather,KarlWittgenstein,becameanindustrialistandwentontomakeafortuneinironandsteel.Ludwig'smotherLeopoldine,bornKalmus,wasanauntoftheNobelPrizelaureateFriedrichvonHayek.DespiteKarl'sProtestantism,andthefactthatLeopoldine'sfatherwasJewish,theWittgensteinchildrenwerebaptizedasRomanCatholics—thefaithoftheirmaternalgrandmother—andLudwigwasgivenaRomanCatholicburialuponhisdeath.[5]

[edit]Earlylife

Ludwiggrewupinahouseholdthatprovidedanexceptionallyintenseenvironmentforartisticandintellectualachievement.Hisparentswerebothverymusicalandalltheirchildrenwereartisticallyandintellectuallyeducated.KarlWittgensteinwasaleadingpatronofthearts,andtheWittgensteinhousehostedmanyfiguresofhighculture—aboveall,musicians.ThefamilywasoftenvisitedbymusicianssuchasJohannesBrahmsandGustavMahler.Ludwig'solderbrotherPaulWittgensteinwentontobecomeaworld-famousconcertpianist,evenafterlosinghisrightarminWorldWarI.Ludwighimselfhadabsolutepitch,[6]andhisdevotiontomusicremainedvitallyimportanttohimthroughouthislife:

hemadefrequentuseofmusicalexamplesandmetaphorsinhisphilosophicalwritings,andwassaidtobeunusuallyadeptatwhistlinglengthyanddetailedmusicalpassages.Healsoplayedtheclarinetandissaidtohaveremarkedthatheapprovedofthisinstrumentbecauseittookaproperroleintheorchestra.

Hisfamilyalsohadahistoryofintenseself-criticism,tothepointofdepressionandsuicidaltendencies.Threeofhisfourbrotherscommittedsuicide.Theeldestofthebrothers,Hans—anearlymusicianwhostartedcomposingatagefour—killedhimselfinApril1902,inHavana,Cuba.Thethirdson,Rudolf,followedinMay1904inBerlin.TheirbrotherKurtshothimselfattheendofWorldWarI,inOctober1918,whentheAustriantroopshewascommandingdesertedenmasse.[7]

Until1903,Ludwigwaseducatedathome;afterthat,hebeganthreeyearsofschoolingattheRealschuleinLinz,aschoolemphasizingtechnicaltopics.ForoneschoolyearAdolfHitlerwasastudentthereatthesametimebuttwogradesbelowWittgenstein,whenbothboyswere14or15yearsold.[8]ItisamatterofcontroversywhetherHitlerandWittgensteinkneweachotherpersonally,andifsowhethereitherhadanymemoryoftheother.

WittgensteinspokeanunusuallypurehighGerman,albeitwithaslightstutter,woreveryelegantclothes,andwashighlysensitiveandextremelyunsociable.Itwasoneofhisidiosyncrasiestousetheformalformofaddresswithhisclassmatesandtodemandthattheytoowiththeexceptionofasingleacquaintanceaddresshimformally,with"Sie"and"HerrLudwig".[9]

LudwigwasinterestedinphysicsandwantedtostudywithLudwigBoltzmann,whosecollectionofpopularwritings,includinganinspiringessayabouttheheroandgeniuswhowouldsolvetheproblemofheavier-than-airflight（"OnAeronautics"）waspublishedduringthistime（1905）.[10]However,Boltzmanncommittedsuicidein1906.[11]

In1906,WittgensteinbeganstudyingmechanicalengineeringinBerlin,andin1908hewenttotheVictoriaUniversityofManchestertostudyforhisdoctorateinengineering,fullofplansforaeronauticalprojects.Heregisteredasaresearchstudentinanengineeringlaboratory,whereheconductedresearchonthebehaviourofkitesintheupperatmosphere,andworkedonthedesignofapropellerwithsmalljetenginesontheendofitsblades.DuringhisresearchinManchester,hebecameinterestedinthefoundationsofmathematics,particularlyafterreadingAlfredN.WhiteheadandBertrandRussell'sPrincipiaMathematica[12]andGottlobFrege'sGrundgesetzederArithmetik,vol.1（1893）andvol.2（1903）.[13]Inthesummerof1911WittgensteinvisitedFregeand,afterhavingcorrespondedwithhimforsometime,wasadvisedbyFregetoattendtheUniversityofCambridgetostudyunderRussell.[14]

InOctober1911WittgensteinarrivedunannouncedatRussell'sroomsinTrinityCollegeandwassoonattendinghislecturesanddiscussingphilosophywithhimatgreatlength.HemadeagreatimpressiononRussellandG.E.Mooreandstartedtoworkonthefoundationsoflogicandmathematicallogic.

RussellwasincreasinglytiredofphilosophyandsawWittgensteinasasuccessorwhowouldcarryonhiswork.[15]DuringthisperiodWittgenstein'sothermajorinterestsweremusicandtravelling（hewenttoIceland,inSeptember1912）,ofteninthecompanyofDavidPinsent,anundergraduatewhobecameafirmfriend.HewasalsoinvitedtojointheCambridgeApostles,anelitesecretsocietywhichRussellandMoorehadbothbelongedtoasstudents.WhilstinCambridgeWittgensteinoftenlikedtogotothecinema.[16]

In1913Wittgensteininheritedalargefortunewhenhisfatherdied.[17]Hedonatedsomeofit,initiallyanonymously,toAustrianartistsandwriters,includingRainerMariaRilkeandGeorgTrakl.In1914hewenttovisitTraklwhenthelatterwantedtomeethisbenefactor,butTrakldied（anapparentsuicide）daysbeforeWittgensteinarrived.

AlthoughhewasinvigoratedbyhisstudyinCambridgeandhisconversationswithRussell,Wittgensteincametofeelthathecouldnotgettotheheartofhismostfundamentalquestionswhilesurroundedbyotheracademics.In1913heretreatedtotherelativesolitudeoftheremotevillageofSkjoldenattheendoftheSognefjordinNorway.[14]Hereherentedthesecondfloorofahouseandstayedforthewinter.Theisolationfromacademiaallowedhimtodevotehimselfentirelytohiswork,andhelatersawthisperiodasoneofthemostpassionateandproductivetimesofhislife.WhiletherehewroteabookentitledLogik,aground-breakingworkinthefoundationsoflogicwhichwastheimmediatepredecessorandsourceofmuchoftheTractatusLogico-Philosophicus.

[edit]WorldWarI

1914notes

TheoutbreakofWorldWarIinthenextyeartookhimcompletelybysurprise,ashewaslivingasecludedlifeatthetime.HevolunteeredfortheAustro-Hungarianarmy,firstservingonashipandtheninanartilleryworkshop.In1916hewassentasamemberofahowitzerregimenttotheRussianfront,wherehewonseveralmedalsforbravery,thenintheItaliansouthernTyrol（todayTrentino,inItaly）,wherehewastakenasaprisonerofwarbytheItalianarmyinNovember1918nearTrento[14]

Hisnotebookentriesduringthewarreflecthiscontemptforthebaseness,ashesawit,ofhisfellowsoldiers.Throughoutthewar,Wittgensteinkeptnotebooksinwhichhefrequentlywrotephilosophicalandreligiousreflectionsalongsidepersonalremarks.Thenotebooksreflectaprofoundchangeinhisreligiouslife:

amilitantatheistduringhisstintatCambridge,WittgensteindiscoveredLeoTolstoy'sTheGospelinBriefatabookshopinGalicia.HedevouredTolstoy'scommentaryandbecameanevangelistofsorts;hecarriedthebookeverywherehewentandrecommendedittoanyoneindistress（tothepointthathebecameknowntohisfellowsoldiersas"themanwiththegospels"）.[18]Monknotesthatattheendofhislife,WittgensteinstillfirmlybelievedintheResurrectionofJesus.[18]Wittgenstein'sotherreligiousinfluencesincludeSaintAugustine,FyodorDostoevskyand,mostnotably,SørenKierkegaard,whomWittgensteinreferredtoas"asaint".[19]

[edit]DevelopingtheTractatus

Hochreit1920.WittgensteinisseatedbetweenhissisterHeleneSalzerandhisfriend,ArvidSjögren.

Wittgenstein'sworkonLogikbegantotak