Collaborative policymaking.docx

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Collaborative policymaking.docx

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Collaborative policymaking.docx

Collaborativepolicymaking

LocalSustainableProjects

JonVernona,StephenEssexa,DavidPinderaandKajaCurrya

NorthDevonandExmoorRegenerationCompany,UK

UniversityofPlymouth,UK

CaradonDistrictCouncil,UK

Submitted22September2002.Resubmitted8December2003.Accepted21June2004.Finalversion29June2004.Refereedanonymously.CoordinatingEditor:

PeterE.Murphy. Availableonline6April2005.

Abstract

Theemergenceoflocalcollaborativeprojectspresentsarichveinforadvancingtheempiricalandtheoreticalunderstandingofgovernanceintourism.Inparticular,newproblemsandchallengestotourismpolicymakingareraised,suchasachievingeffectiveorganization,representation,andevaluationofoutcomes.ThispaperevaluatesacollaborationadoptedbyaBritishdistrictcouncilintheformulationofalocalstrategyforpromotingtheadoptionofsustainablepracticesbytourismbusinesses.Thekeyfindingsofthestudyemphasizetheroleofthepublicsectorinpromoting“bottom-up”formsofgovernance,thetemporaldynamicsoftheprocess,andtherealityofinnovationinpolicymaking.

Résumé

Laprisededécisionsencollaboration:

projetslocauxdurables.L’émergencedesprojetslocauxencollaborationoffrebeaucoupdepotentielpourl’avancementd’unecompréhensionempiriqueetthéoriquedelagouvernancedansledomainedutourisme.Enparticulier,onsoulèvedenouveauxproblèmesetdéfisassociésàlaprisededécisionsdansletourisme,telsquel’efficacitédansl’organisation,lareprésentationetl’évaluationdesrésultats.Cetarticleévalueunecollaborationadoptéeparunconseilgénéralbritanniquepourformulerunestratégiclocalepourpromouvoirl’adoptiondepratiquesdurablesparlesentreprisesdetourisme.Lesrésultatsprincipauxdel’étudemettentenvaleurlerôledusecteurpublicdanslapromotiondesformesdegouvernementdebasenhaut,ladynamiquetemporelleduprocessusetlaréalitédel’innovationdanslaprisededécisions.

Résumé

Laprisededécisionsencollaboration:

Keywords:

sustainability;collaboration;localgovernance;policy

Mots-clés:

durabilité;collaboration;gouvernementlocal;politique

ArticleOutline

Introduction

Collaborativepartnerships

TheoreticalPerspectives

Identificationofthe“ProblemDomain”

ScopeoftheCollaboration

IntensityofCollaboration

AchievingConsensus

Implementation

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Vitae

Introduction

Astrikingfeatureofcontemporarytourismisthewealthofcollaborativeinitiativesbetweenlocalauthorities,governmentagencies,businesses,andhostcommunities（CharltonandEssex1996）.Thesedevelopmentsareboundupwithamoregeneralshiftfromgovernment,whichimposespoliciesontargetpopulationsina“top-down”manner,tomoreinclusiveformsofgovernance,basedon“bottom-up”involvementwitharangeofdifferentstakeholders.Intourism,collaborationhasarisenfromtheneedtoachievebroad-basedsupportforpolicieswithinanindustrythatisdiverseandfragmented.Intheory,public–privatecollaborationsshouldprovideademocratizingandmoreinclusiveandequitablesetofprocessesthanconventionalapproachesofplanning,management,andgovernment（BramwellandLane1999:

2）.Inreality,suchprojectspresentmanynewproblemsandchallenges,suchaseffectiveorganization,representation,andevaluationoftheefficacyofoutcomes（BramwellandSharman,1999andBramwellandSharman,2003）.Whetherthecollaborativeprocessimprovestheeffectivenessandcoordinationofpoliciesisaquestionthatneedstoberesolvedthroughempiricalresearch（Goodwin1998）.

TheaimofthispaperistoevaluatecriticallytheefficacyofcollaborativeapproachestopolicymakingusingtheexampleofCaradonDistrictCouncil（Cornwall,UK）intheformulationofalocalstrategyforpromotingtheadoptionofsustainablepracticesbytourismbusinesses.ItisarguedthataforensicanalysisofthiscasestudyraisesbroaderlessonsaboutthepotentialforcollaborativeinitiativesintheUKandelsewhere.Theprojectinvolvedthedistrictcouncil,theUniversityofPlymouth,SouthWestTourism,andtheEuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFundthroughCaradonAreaLEADERII（LiaisonEntreActionsdeDeveloppementdel’ÉconomicRurale—LinksbetweenActionsforthedevelopmentoftheRuralEconomy）,whofundedathree-yearresearchprogramintobarriersaffectingtheadoptionofsustainabletourism（1999–2001）.TheventurewasfurthersupportedbyaSmallGrantsandInnovationScheme,designedtoencouragepracticalimplementationoftheconcept,andsotodevelopcasestudiesof“bestpractice”.ThefindingsoftheresearchandtheoutcomesofthegrantschemeswereusedtoinformaSustainableTourismBusinessStrategy,2001–2006.Thispartnership,therefore,providedanopportunitytoexplorethenatureandoperationofcollaborativeprojects,theroleofacademicresearchinpolicymaking,theorganizationofmulti-agencyapproaches,andtheircontributiontopolicyinnovation.

Collaborativepartnerships

Theimplementationofsustainabledevelopmentinitiativeswithinthetourismindustryoverthelastdecadehasbeendominatedbypartnershipsandjointprojects.Thisprovidesarichveinforadvancingthestudyofempiricalandtheoreticalunderstandingofcollaborativeformsofgovernance.Sustainabletourismmeansaddressingtheproblemsofenvironmentaldegradationcausedbythevolumeoftourists,theresourceimplicationsresultingfromtheoperationoftourism-relatedbusinesses,suchastransportationpressuresandpollution,energyandwaterconsumption,wastegeneration,purchasingstrategies,andthepossiblenegativeimpactsonhostcommunities.Successfulimplementationofsustainabletourismrequirescooperationbyawiderangeofdifferentstakeholders（thepublicsector,accommodationbusinesses,transportoperators,attractions,restaurants,foodsuppliers,utilitycompanies,hostcommunities,andtourists）.IntheUnitedKingdom,asinothercountries,thedominanceofsmall-andmedium-sizedenterpriseswithintheindustry,withlimitedknowledgeacquisitioncapabilitiesandmodestfinancialresources,meansthatcross-sectoralcooperationandnetworkingisessential（HalmeandFadeeva2001:

144）.Indeed,thediverseandfragmentednatureofthetourismindustryhasoftenactedasabarriertothecommoninterpretation,widespreadacceptanceandadoptionofsustainablepractices（BerryandLadkin,1997,BramwellandAlletorp,2001,Carlsenetal,2001,HobsonandEssex,2001,Knowlesetal,1999,StablerandGoodall,1997andWelfordetal,1999）.Definitionsofsustainabletourismarediverse,rangingfrominterpretationsthatacceptahighlevelofhumanresponsibilityfortheenvironment,tothosethatprimarilyutilizetheconceptasamarketingtool（Orams1995）.Therefore,sustainabletourismhastobeholisticinitsoutlookinordertocreateacommonvisionandproducestrategiesthatrecognizethecontributionsofallstakeholders（BramwellandLane,2000andHalme,2001）.

TheoreticalPerspectives

Theemergenceofcollaborativepolicymakingacrosstheglobeispartofabroadershiftintheroleofthestatefrom“provider”to“enabler”.Thepublicsector’straditional“top-down”,centralizedandmanagerialistapproach,intourism,assumedresponsibilityforinfrastructureprovision,planningcontrol,marketingandpromotion,andproactivedevelopmentfortheperceivedpublicgood.Ithasbeenreplacedpartiallybyamore“bottom-up”,decentralizedandinclusiveformofgovernanceinwhichlocalcommunitiesandbusinessesarebeingencouragedtotakemoreresponsibilityformanagement（Hall2000）.Thereasonsforthisshiftincludetheneo-liberalcritiquesofstateactivity,publicexpenditurecutbacks,and,toacertainextent,publicdisenchantmentwithgovernmentpolicy（BramwellandLane,2000andLong,1994）.IntheUnitedKingdom,themodernizationofgovernmentandtheintroductionof“bestvaluereviews”inthelate1990shavealsoforcedwiderre-evaluationsoflocalauthorityserviceprovision（Bennett,1999,Martin,2000andGeddesandMartin,2000）.Anewapproachhasemergedwhichemphasizesefficiency,investmentreturns,theroleofthemarket,andincreasedparticipationby“stakeholders”.Thisnewagendahasresultedinarestructuringoftherolesoftourismorganizations,includingareductioninplanning,policy,anddevelopmentresponsibilities,anincreaseinmarketingandpromotionfunctions,andtheoperationofpartnershipswithstakeholders（Hall2000）.Thecentralityofcollaborationandpartnershipsinruralandtourismdevelopmenthasalsobeenexpressedinrecentpolicystatementsattheinternationalandnationallevel（forexample,DepartmentoftheEnvironmentandTransportandtheRegions,1999,EnglishTourismCouncil,2001andRuralEurope,1996）.

Collaborationinvolve

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