英语四级课程阅读徐磊讲义汇编.docx

英语四级课程阅读徐磊讲义汇编.docx

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英语四级课程阅读徐磊讲义汇编

Inthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelist,butsoweresomepositivelife-changingevents,likemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress—itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavetodealwith.Andwenowknowthatthewayyouhandletheseeventsdramaticallyaffectsyourchancesofstayinghealthy.

Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehowtheresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage.Women’smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness”Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,thearticlessaidavoidstressfulevents.Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerousmany—likethedeathofalovedone—areimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescription（处方）forstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,apersonwhowantedtobecompletelyfreeofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.

Thenotionthatallstressmakesyousickalsoignoresalotofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itassumeswe’reallvulnerable（脆弱的）andpassiveinthefaceofadversity（逆境）.Butwhatabouthumaninitiativeandcreativity﹖Manycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalvigorthantheyhadbefore.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredom,andphysicalandmentalstrain.

21.TheresultofHolmes-Rahe'smedicalresearchtellsus____.　　

Athewayyouhandlemajoreventsmaycausestress　　

Bwhatshouldbedonetoavoidstress　　

Cwhatkindofeventwouldcausestress　　

Dhowtocopewithsuddenchangesinlife

22.Thestudiesonstressintheearly1970’sledto____.　　

Awidespreadconcernoveritsharmfuleffects　　

Bgreatpanicoverthementaldisorderitcouldcause　　

Canintensiveresearchintostress-relatedillnesses　　

Dpopularavoidanceofstressfuljobs

23.ThescoreoftheHolmes-Rahetestshows____.　　

Ahowmuchpressureyouareunder　　

Bhowpositiveeventscanchangeyoulife　　

Chowstressfulamajoreventcanbe　　

Dhowyoucandealwithlife-changingevents

24.Whyis“suchsimplisticadvice”Line1Para.3impossibletofollow﹖　　

ANoonecanstayonthesamejobforlong　　

BNoprescriptioniseffectiveinrelievingstress　　

CPeoplehavetogetmarriedsomeday　　

DYoucouldbemissingopportunitiesaswell

25.Accordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmaybecome____.　　

Anervouswhenfacedwithdifficulties　　

Bphysicallyandmentallystrained　　

Cmorecapableofcopingwithadversity　　

Dindifferenttowardwhathappenstothem　

Psychiatrists（精神病专家）whoworkwitholderparentssaythatmaturitycanbeanassetinchildrearing-olderparentsaremorethoughtful,uselessphysicaldisciplineandspendmoretimewiththeirchildren.Butraisingkidstakesmoneyandenergy.Manyolderparentsfindthemselvesbalancingtheirlimitedfinancialresources,decliningenergyandfailinghealthagainstthegrowingdemandsofanactivechild.Dyingandleavingyoungchildrenisprobablytheolderparents'biggest,andoftenunspoken,fear.Havinglate-lifechildren,saysaneconomicsprofessor.oftenmeansparents,particularlyfathers,"endupretiringmuchlater."Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream.

HenryMetcalf.a54-year-oldjournalist,knowsittakesmoneytoraisekids.Buthe'salsoworriedthathisenergywillgiveoutfirst.Sure,hecanstillridebikeswithhisathleticfifthgrader,buthe'slearnedthatyoungatheartdoesn'tmeanyoung.Latelyhe'sbeentakingafternoonnaps（午睡）tokeepuphisenergy."Mybodyisaging,"saysMetcalf."Youcan'tgetawayfromthat."

Often,olderparentshearthetickingofanotherkindofbiologicalclock.Therapistswhoworkwithmiddle-agedandolderparentssayfearsaboutagingarenothingtolaughat."Theyworrythey'llbemistakenforgrandparents,orthatthey'llneedhelpgettingupoutofthoselittlechairsinnurseryschool,"saysJoannGalst,aNewYorkpsychologist.Butatthecoreofthoselittlefearsthereisoftenamuchbiggerone:

"thattheywon'tbealivelongenoughtosupportandprotecttheirchild,"shesays.

Manylate-lifeparents,though,saytheirchildrencameatjusttherighttime.Aftermarryinglateandundergoingyearsoffertility（受孕）treatment,MarilynNolenandherhusband.Randy,hadtwins."Webothwantedchildren,"saysMarilyn,whowas55whenshegavebirth.Thetwinshavegiventhecouplewhattheydesiredforyears,"asenseoffamily."Kidsofolderdadsareoftensmarter,happierandmoresociablebecausetheirfathersaremoreinvolvedintheirlives.'Thedadsareolder,moremature,"saysDr.Silber,"andmorereadytofocusonparenting."

36.Whydopsychiatristsregardmaturityasanassetinchildrearing?

A）Olderparentscanbetterbalancetheirresourcesagainstchildren'sdemands.

B）Olderparentsareusuallymoreexperiencedinbringinguptheirchildren.

C）Olderparentsareoftenbetterpreparedfinancially.

D）Olderparentscantakebettercareoftheirchildren.

37.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream"（Lines7-8,Para.1）?

A）Theyhavetogoonworkingbeyondtheirretirementage.

B）Theycan'tgetfullpensionunlesstheyworksomeextrayears.

C）Theycan'tobtaintheretirementbenefitstheyhavedreamedof.

D）Theyarereluctanttoretirewhentheyreachtheirretirementage.

38.TheauthorgivestheexampleofHenryMetcalftoshowthat

A）manypeopleareyounginspiritdespitetheiradvancedage.

B）takingafternoonnapsisagoodwaytomaintainenergy

C）olderparentstendtobeconcernedabouttheiragingbodies

D）olderparentsshouldexercisemoretokeepupwiththeirathleticchildren

39.What'sthebiggestfearofolderparentsaccordingtoNewYorkpsychologistJoanGalst?

A）Beinglaughedatbyotherpeople.

B）Slowingdownoftheirpaceoflife.

C）Beingmistakenforgrandparents.

D）Approachingofdeath.

40.WhatdowelearnaboutMarilynandRandyNolen?

A）Theythoughttheywereanexampleofsuccessfulfertilitytreatment.

B）Notuntiltheyreachedmiddleagedidtheythinkofhavingchildren.

C）Notuntiltheyhadthetwinsdidtheyfeeltheyhadformedafamily.

D）Theybelievedthatchildrenbornofolderparentswouldbesmarter.

Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwicelikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded—andcancomebacktohaunt（困扰）you–appearstobethekeytothefindings.

JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca.NewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationforeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.

Hisresults,tobepresentedatconferenceonhuman-computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectede-mailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachmentofemailingwouldmakeiteasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication.

ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone.

Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime–inaninstantmessageorphonecalls–thantheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefoundmanyliesarespontaneousresponsestoanexpectedquestion,suchas:

“Doyoulikemedress?

”

Hancockhopesthisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.Butgivenhisresults,workassessment,wherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.

57.Hancock’sstudyfocuseson____________.

A　theconsequencesoflyinginvariouscommunicationsmedia.

B　thesuccessofcommunicationstechnologiesinconveyingideas

C　people’spreferencesinselectingcommunicationstechnologies.

D　people’shonestylevelsacrossarangeofcommunicationsmedia.　

58.Hancock’sresearchfindingsurprisedthosewhobelievedthat_______.

A　peoplearelesslikelytolieininstantmessage.　

B　peopleareunlikelytolieinface-to-faceinteractions

C　peoplearemostlikelytolieinemailcommunication　

D　peoplearetwiceaslikelytolieinphoneconversation.

59.Accordingtothepassage,whyarepeoplemorelikelytotellthetruththroughcertainmediumofcommunication?

A　Theyareafraidofleavingbehindtracesoflies.

B　Theybelievethathonestyist