英美诗歌文学术语(全英).pdf

英美诗歌文学术语(全英).pdf

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SelectedEnglishandAmericanPoemsLiteraryTermsforDiscussingPoetryAlliteration:

Therepetitionofinitialsoundsorprominentconsonantsounds.Examples:

“Alltheawfulauguries;”“pensivepoets;”“afterlifesfitfulfever;”“Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance”（fromTennysons“TheBrook”）Apostrophe:

Anaddressingtoanabsentorimaginedpersonortoathingasifitwerepresentandcouldlisten.Example:

“Milton!

Thoushouldstbelivingatthishour/Englandhathneedofthee:

sheisafen/Ofstagnantwaters:

”（fromWilliamWordsworth,“London,1802”）Assonance:

Therepetition,inwordsofcloseproximity,ofsameorsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinstressedsyllables,precededandfollowedbydifferingconsonantsounds.Examples:

“deepgreensea;”“light/bride;”“tide/mine”（notethattideandhidearerhymes）.Ballad:

Ashortnarrativepoem,especiallyonethatissungorrecited,composedofquatrains,with8,6,8,6syllables,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhyming.Aballadoftencontainsarefrain（i.e.arepeatedphrase,line,orgroupoflines）.Examples:

“Jackaroe;”“TheLongBlackVeil”Blankverse:

Unrhymediambicpentameter.Examples:

ShakespearesplaysCarpediempoetry:

Poems,whosethemeis“toseizetheday,”thatisconcernedwiththeshortnessoflifeandtheneedtoactinorenjoythepresent.Examples:

Herricks“TotheVirginstoMakeMuchofTime”;MarvellsToHisCoyMistressConsonance:

Thecounterpartofassonance;therepetitionofidenticalconsonantsoundsinwordswhosemainvowelsdiffer.Alsocalledhalfrhymeorslantrhyme.Examples:

shadow/meadow;pressed/passed;trolley/bully;fail/peel.Couplet:

Astanzaoftwolines,usually,butnotnecessarily,withend-rhymes（i.e.therhymingwordsoccurattheendsofthelines）.CoupletsendthepatternofaShakespeareansonnet.Diction:

Thechoiceofvocabularyandofgrammaticalconstructions.Inpoetry,itcanbeformalorhighproper,elevated,elaborate,andoftenpolysyllabiclanguage;neutralormiddlecorrectlanguagecharacterizedbydirectnessandsimplicity;orinformalorlowrelaxed,conversationalandfamiliarlanguage.Example:

thereisadifferenceindictionbetween“Oneneverknows”and“Younevercantell.”Doublerhymeortrochaicrhyme:

Rhymingwordsoftwosyllablesinwhichthefirstsyllableisaccented.Example:

flower/showerDramaticmonologue:

Apoeticform,derivedfromthetheater,inwhichthepoetchoosesamomentoracrisis,inwhichhischaractersaremadetotalkabouttheirlivesandtheirmindsandheartstooneormoreothercharacterswhosepresenceisstronglyfelt.Insomedramaticmonologues,especiallythosebyRobertBrowning,thespeakermayrevealhispersonalityinunexpectedandunflatteringways.Examples:

RobertBrownings“MyLastDuchess;”T.S.Eliots“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock;”Tennysons“Ulysses”Elegy:

Alyricpoemexpressingsadness,usuallyalamentforthedead.Example:

ThomasGrays“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”Enjambment:

Thecontinuationofthegrammaticalconstructionandlogicalsenseofalineontothenextlineorlinesforthepurposeofspecialeffect.Alsocalledrun-onlines.Example:

“TheCountyourmastersknownmunificence/Isamplewarrantthatnojustpretense/Ofminefor1dowrywillbedisallowed.”（fromBrowning,“MyLastDuchess”）Epic:

Alongnarrativepoem,dignifiedinthemeandelevatedinstyle,thatusuallyrecordshowahero,throughexperiencesofgreatadventure,accomplishesimportantdeeds.Examples:

Homers“Odyssey;”Miltons“ParadiseLost”Eyerhyme:

Wordsthatlookasiftheyshouldrhymebecausetheyarespelledidenticallybutpronounceddifferently.Examples:

heath/death;watch/catch,bear/fear,dough/coughEndrhyme:

Identicalsoundsattheendsoflinesofpoetry.Alsocalled“terminalrhyme.”Example:

“Tyger!

Tyger!

burningbright/Intheforestsofthenight”（fromWilliamBlake,“TheTyger”）.Femininerhyme（doublerhyme）:

Stressedrhymingsyllablesarefollowedbyidenticalunstressedsyllables.Examples:

fatter/batter;tenderly/slenderly;revival/arrivalFoot:

Abasicmetricalunit,consistingoftwoorthreesyllables,withaspecifiedarrangementofthestressedsyllableorsyllables.Therepetitionoffeetcanproduceapatternofstressesthroughoutthepoem.Thenumbersoffeetaregivenhere:

monometer（onefoot）;dimeter（twofeet）;trimeter（threefeet）;tetrameter（fourfeet）;pentameter（fivefeet）;hexameter（sixfeet）;heptameterorseptenary（sevenfeet）;Octameter（eightfeet）.Freeverse:

Poetryinlinesofirregularlength,usuallyunrhymedandoftenlargelybasedonrepetitionandparallelgrammaticalstructure.Examples:

WaltWhitmans“OCaptain!

MyCaptain!

”;GwendolynBrooks“TheBeanEaters”Heroiccouplet:

Twosuccessiverhyminglinesofiambicpentameter,often“closed,”i.e.containingacompletethought.ItiscalledheroicbecauseinEngland,especiallyinthe18thcentury,itwasmuchusedforheroic（epic）poems.Examples:

“Benotthefirstbywhomthenewaretried,/Noryetthelasttolaytheoldaside.”（frormAlexanderPope,“AnEssayonCriticism”）Iambicpentameter:

ThemostnaturalandcommonkindofmetricalpatterninEnglish.Example:

“Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,/Thelowingherdwindslowlyoerthelea,/Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,/Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome”（fromThomasGray,“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”）.Image:

AnImageislanguagethatappealstothesenses,suchassight（visual）,sounds（auditory）,tastes（gustatory）,smells（olfactory）,andsensationsoftouch（tactile）.Imageryreferstoimagesthroughoutaworkorthroughouttheworksofawriterorgroupofwriters.Imagesfrequentlydomorethanofferonlysensoryimpressions.Theyalsoconveyemotionsandmoods.Examples:

“thegrayseaandthelongblackland”（visual）;“andquenchitsspeeditheslushysand”（auditory）;“sea-scentedbeach”（olfactory）;EzraPounds“InaStationoftheMetro”（visualandtactile）Lyricpoem:

Ashortpoem,oftensonglike,withtheemphasisnotonnarrativebutonthespeakersemotionorreverie.Example:

ChristopherMarlowes“ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove”Masculinerhyme:

Rhymeofone-syllablewordssuchaslies/criesor,ifmorethanonesyllable,wordsinwhichthefinalsyllablesarestressedand,aftertheirdifferinginitialconsonantsounds,areidenticalinsound.Examples:

stark/mark;support/retort;behold/foretoldMetaphor:

Akindoffigurativelanguageequatingtwoliterallyincompatiblethingswitheachother,withoutaconnectivesuchaslikeoraverbsuchasappearsorresembles.Examples:

“Oh,myloveisared,redrose”（thespeakersloveisequatedwitharose）;“apiercingcry”（acryiscomparedtoaspearorothersharpinstrument）Metaphysicalconceit:

Anelaborateandextendedmetaphororsimilethatlinkstwoapparentlyunrelatedfieldsorsubjectsinanunusualandsurprisingconjunctionofideas.Thetermiscommonlyappliedtothemetaphoricallanguageofanumberofearly17thcenturypoets,2particularlyJohnDonne.Examples:

Donnes“AValediction:

ForbiddingMourning;”Marvells“ToHisCoyMistress”Meter:

Apatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.ThemostcommonkindsofmetricalfeetinEnglishpoetryarethefivelistedbelow:

Iamb（iambic）:

Anunstressedstressedfoot.ThemostcommonrhythminEnglishverse.Examples:

alone;away;“Myheartislikeasingingbird”Trochee（trochaic）:

Astressedunstressedfoot.Examples:

happy;garden,“Tyger!

Tyger!

Burningbright;”Hewas/louder/thanthe/preacherAnapest（anapestic）:

Anunstressedunstressedstressedfoot.Alsocalled“gallopingmeter.”Examples:

“AsIcame/totheedge/ofthewood;”“Thereareman/-ywhosay/thatadog/hashisday”Dactyl（dactylic）:

Astressedunstressedunstressedfoot.Examples:

underwear;constantly;Takeherup/tenderly;Singitall/merrilySpondee（spondaic）:

Astressedstressedfoot.Examples:

True-blue;smartlad;sweetrose;deadset;“（Thatthe）nightcome”Ode:

Along,statelypoeminstanzasofvariedlength,meter,andform;Usuallyaseriouspoemonanexaltedsubject.Example:

Shelleys“OdetotheWestWind”Onomatopoeia:

Ablendingofconsonantandvowelsoundsdesignedtoimitateorsuggestthesoundoftheactivitybeingdescribed.Examples:

hiss;buzz;murmur;whirrOxymoron:

Aself-contradictorycombinationofwordsorsmallerverbalunits.Alsocanbeseenasacompactparadox.Examples:

bittersweet;apleasingpain;hurryslowly.AnexaggeratedemploymentofoxymoroncanbeseeninRomeosspeechearlyinRomeoandJuliet:

Why,then,Obrawlinglove!

Olovinghate!

Oanything,ofnothingfirstcreate!

Oheavylightness!

seriousvanity!

Misshapenchaosofwell-seemingforms!

Featheroflead,brightsmoke,coldfire,sickhealth!

Still-wakingsleep,thatisnotwhatitis!

Paradox:

Arhetoricalfigureembodyingaseemingcontradictionthatisnonethelesstruewithalogicstructure.Examples:

“Morehaste,lessspeed;”“lessismore;”“Thechildisfatheroftheman”Pentameter:

Alineofversecontainingfivefeet.Personification:

Attributinghumancharacteristicstononhumanthingsorabstractions.Prosody:

Theprinciplesofversification,particularlyastheyrefertorhyme,meter,rhythm,andstanza.Quatrain:

Afour-linestanzaorpoeticunit.InanEnglishorShakespeareansonnet,agroupoffourlinesunitedbyrhyme.Rhyme:

Therepetitionofidenticalorsimilarconcludingsyllablesindifferentwords,mostoftenattheendsoflines.Unlikerhythm,rhymeisnotbasictopoetry;butitispleasant,suggestsorder,andmayberelatedtomeaningimplyingarelationship.Examples:

lie/high;June/moon;stay/play;tender/slender;throne/alone;love/doveRhymescheme:

Thepatternofrhyme,usuallyindicatedbyassigningaletterofthealphabetto3eachrhymeattheendofalineofpoetry.Example:

TherhymeschemeofShakespeareansonnetoftenisababcdcdefefgg.Scan（scansion）:

Theprocessofmarkingthekindandnumberoffeetinpoeticlinestoestablishtheprevailingmetricalpattern.Example:

Thescansionoftheline“Thesummerthunder,likeawoodenbell”tellsreadersthatitisiambicpentameter.Shakespeareansonnet:

Afourteen-linepoemwritteniniambicp