修辞学与心理学结合的论文重点.docx

修辞学与心理学结合的论文重点.docx

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修辞学与心理学结合的论文重点

本论文重点将华盛顿欧文和他的作品结合,论述修辞的特点和心理学的结合

1.Introduction

Vividlanguagecanarousetheaudience‟sinterest,holdtheirattentionandenhancetheircomprehensionwithimaginaryandleavetheaudiencewithafreshimpression.Toincreasetheimpactoflanguage,figuresofspeechareemployedinbothliteraryandnon-literary,bothwrittenandspokenforms.Theyareusedtoembellish,emphasizeorclarifyexpressions,tomakelanguagemorecolorful,moreforceful,ormoreexplicit,andthusmakingcommunicationsmoreefficientandeffective（Zhang88.TherearevariousfiguresofspeechinWashingtonIrving‟snovel“theLegendofSleepyHollow”.ItisofgreathelptounderstandWashingtonIrving‟swritingstyleandthethemeofthenovelbystudyingthefiguresofspeechcombinedwithpsychologicalmechanismofrhetoricaltextstructure.

1.1WashingtonIrvingandhisworkthelegendofsleepyhollow

（1ABriefIntroductionofWashingtonIrving

WashingtonIrvingisoneoftheearliestromanticwritersinAmerica.Knownforhissketches,shortstoriesandbiographies,IrvingwasthefirstAmericanwriterwhohasattainedinternationalreputation（Gao,2006:

15.AbsorbingthecreamofEuropeancultureandliterature,Irvingcreatedhisuniquestylethatisfresh,natural,humorousandmusical.Withhisshortstoriesandsuccessinmanyotherfields,IrvinghasmadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentofindependentAmericanliterature.AccordingtoZhuXiaoning,“ItisIrvingwhoactivatedthepotentialofAmericanliteratureandlaidsolidfoundationsforitsfuturedevelopment.”（66-68.Irvinghelpstodiscover“realAmerica”andhecaricaturestheridiculousaspectsofAmericanlife:

materialism,complacencyandsmugnesswithhisremarkablesatiricalessays.RipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollowcollectedinTheSketchBook（1819-1820,thesustainedandmorematuresatire,areundoubtedlythemoststrikingones.Besides,Irving‟sstylecanbedescribedasbeautiful.Hewaswritingalwaysforpleasure,andtoproducepleasure（Wu,1990:

60.Itisimitative,itistrue,hewrotetoamuseandentertain,andheisgoodatenvelopinghisstoriesinanatmosphere,therichnessofwhichisoftenmorethancompensationfortheslimnessofplot.Hischaractersarevividandtruesothattheytendtolingerinthemindofthereader（Chang,2003:

47.

（2ABriefIntroductionof“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”

Thestoryissetin1790intheDutchsettlementofTarryTown,inasecludedglencalledSleepyHollow.IttellsthestoryofIchabodCrane,asycophantic,lean,lanky,andextremelysuperstitiousschoolmasterfromConnecticut,whocompeteswithAbraham"BromBones"VanBrunt,thetownrowdy,forthehandof18-year-oldKatrinaVanTassel,thedaughterandsolechildofawealthyfarmer,BaltusVanTassel.AsCraneleavesapartyheattendedattheVanTasselhomeonanautumnnight,heispursuedbyHeadlessHorseman,whoissupposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhohadhisheadshotoffbyastraycannonballduring"somenamelessbattle"oftheAmericanRevolutionaryWar,andwho"ridesforthtothesceneofbattleinnightlyquestofhishead".Ichabodmysteriouslydisappearsfromtown,leavingKatrinatomarryBromBones,whowas"tolookexceedinglyknowingwheneverthestoryofIchabodwasrelated".AlthoughthenatureoftheHeadlessHorsemanisleftopentointerpretation,thestoryimpliesthattheHorsemanwasreallyBromBonesindisguise.

Inthisstory,Irvingdescribesideallifeinthecountryside,andthevillagersareconsideredhonest,kindinextremelyrichpoeticlanguages.Thestoryalsomadeaveiledcriticismofthesocialreality:

quietcountryiscomparedwiththenoisycities;thesimple-heartedearlyimmigrantsarecomparedwiththehumbledanddirtybourgeois.Theemploymentoffiguresofspeechcontributestoachieverhetoricaleffectsandhelpsreadersunderstandthenovel‟sthemeandIrving‟swritingstyle.

1.2Explanationaboutrhetoric

（1Thetwobasicprinciplesofpsychologicalmechanism

Theconstructionofrhetoricisinordertoreachabetterresultinlanguageexpression.Therearetwobasicrhetorictextconstructionprinciples:

theprincipleofavailabilityandeffectiveness.Availabilityrefersthattherhetoricaltextshouldbeacceptedorunderstoodeasilybyrecipients,thatis,therhetoricshouldaccordtorecipients‟leveloftheknowledgebaseandmentalstate.Validityrefersthattextshouldbeabletounderstandandrhetoricreceptorsandbewillingtoaccept.Itcannotmakerecipientsfeelobscure.Thetwobasicprinciplesaffecteachother（吴礼权,2002:

42.

（2Rhetoricaltextstructureandpsychologicalmechanism

Thispaperdemonstratestheeffectsoffiguresofspeechfromthreeaspects:

Rhetoricaltextstructureandimagination:

imaginationisacommonpsychologicalphenomenon.Whenthetextisstructuredbylanguages,itneedsfiguresofspeech,suchassimile,metaphor,visionandparody,toexpressthetextmoreclearlyandvividly,and

thesefiguresofspeecharebasedonimagination.（吴礼权,2002:

55.

Rhetoricaltextstructureandthestrengthenedattention:

attentionistheactionofapplyingone‟smindtosomething.Hyperbole,repetition,parenthesisandironyarebasedonthiskindofpsychologicalmechanism.

Rhetoricaltextstructureandempathy:

personification,transferredepithetarebasedonempathy.Empathymakesreadersunderstandtheplotorpsychologicalcharactersbysharingthesameemotionandexperiencefromthenovel.

（3Figuresofspeech

Therearelotsoffiguresofspeechinthisnovel,suchassimile,metaphor,personification,hyperbole,vision,onomatopoeiaandsoon.Figuresofspeecharewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimaginary,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.（http:

//en.wikipedia.org.Figuresofspeechaimatincreasingvividnessoflanguage.Vividlanguagecanarousetheaudience‟sinterest,holdtheirattentionandenhancetheircomprehensionwithimageryandleavetheaudiencewithafreshimpression.Literatureisunequivocallyaformofpersuasivediscoursegovernedbyrhetoric.Throughrhetoric,thetextisequaltolinguisticpersuasion,andtheauthorcanexpressmoreconvincing.Irvingwasgoodatwritingdescriptiveessays,especiallyusingfiguresofspeech.WashingtonIrving‟sstylecanbedescribedasbeautiful.Itisimitative.Itistrue,buthewasahighlyskillfulwriter.Nevershockingandabitsentimentalattimes,hismannerseemsmoreimportantthanhismatter.Astothestyleofthepiece,itrepresentsIrvingathisbest.

2.Literaturereview

Therearelargequantitiesofstudieson“theLegendofSleepyHollow”.Thefollowingaretheusefulliteraturesforthispaper.

CuiDeminexplainedthatIrvinghaddescribedtheprotagonistwithrichpsychologicalchangesinhispaperCommentsonIchabodCranein“theLegendofSleepyHollow”;GaoQingxuanwrotethethesisOriginalCharactersintheLegendofSleepyHollow.Heanalyzedthewritingskillsandthemaincharactersinthenovelonthebaseofsocialbackground.HestrengthenedthatIrvinghadfoundinformationfromEuropeforwritingthisnovel;TongZhaoshengdiscussedtheprotagonist‟simagethroughappearance,actionandpsychology.Andfromtheanalysis,heconcludedthatthe

protagonistisgreedy,timidandhypocritical.AnotheroneisZhangNanaanalyzedthenovelfromtheaspectofwritingskills,andconcludedthatthisnoveltookanimportantpartintheliteraryhistoryofAmerica.

Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove,mostworksfocusontheprotagonist‟scharacters.Theystudiedthemaincharactersandgotinformationaboutthewritingstyleandthethemeofthenovel.Inmypaper,thereissomethingincommonwiththeirs:

westudythenovel“theLegendofSleepyHollow”,themaincharacter,thethemeandthewritingstyle.Whatismore,thispaperwillmakeadifference.ItwilldiscussIrving‟swritingstyleandthethemeofthenovelbyanalyzingeffectsoffiguresofspeechcombinedwiththepsychologicalmechanismofrhetoric.

3.Rhetoricalanalysisofthelegendofsleepyhollowfrompsychologicalmechanism

ThefollowingfiguresofspeechplayanimportantroleinWashingtonIrving‟snovel.

3.1Simileandmetaphor

Inrhetoric,simileisafigureofspeechbywhichtwoconceptsortwodissimilarthingsareimaginativelyanddescriptivelycomparedbecausetheyhaveatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommonorinresemblance（Zhang,2005:

158.

Metaphoruseswordstoindicatesomethingdifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning---onethingisdescribedintermsofanothersoastosuggestalikenessoranalogybetweenthem.（Zhang,2005:

161Bothsimileandmetaphorsharequiteafewcommonqualitiesthatbelongtoakindofrhetoricaltextmode,whichisthepsychologicalmechanismbasedonassociations.Theconstructionoftherhetoricisreferredthattheproducerassociatesthingstogethertoenrichthedepictedcontent‟svitality,vividness,noveltyandextensionductility,whichcontributestothedeepunderstandingofconnotation.Meanwhile,thereceiverusesreengineeringimaginationtorediscoverinformationthattheauthorreallywantstoshow,thentoacquireakindofinterpretationofjoyandaestheticappeal（吴,2001:

3.

Metaphorandsimilebegintoruninthispremisewhenontologyisactedastheobjectiveexistence,whichstimulatethecreator'ssense,withitsbrightvividimageintothebrain,andwiththeoriginalcreatorstoredinthehe