托福阅读句子插入题与简化题学生版Word文档格式.docx

托福阅读句子插入题与简化题学生版Word文档格式.docx

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三、句插题型重点

考察句间关系，即句子间的逻辑和语义关系，句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的。

四、英语句子衔接手段：

结构衔接和语言衔接。

前者是隐性的，后者是显性的。

一）结构衔接

重要性：

时间性：

复杂性：

分类性：

对比性：

二）语言衔接

英语的语言衔接手段，主要有三类：

逻辑纽带、词汇纽带和语法纽带。

1.逻辑纽带。

分成以下几类：

1）表空间：

above,adjacentto,beyond,ontheleft,opposite等。

2）表时间：

first,second,formerly,previous,after,before等。

3）表举例：

forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,thatis等。

4）表比较：

like,likewise,similarly,equallyimportant等。

5）表对照：

onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrastto,whereas等。

6）表让步：

although,nevertheless,however,but,yet,eventhough等。

7）表原因：

because,as,since,for,owingto,onaccountof等。

8）表结果：

so,thus,consequently,therefore,accordingly,hence等。

9）表递进：

also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore等。

10）表结论：

inconclusion,inshort,finally,lastly,tosumup,toconclude等。

11）表强调：

chiefly,indeed,infact,certainly,mostimportant,nodoubt等。

2.词汇纽带。

1）重复关键词。

Tofosterhealthyrelationshipsbetweenchildreninaclassroom,teachersshouldprovidetimeforgamesandfunactivities.Havinghealthyrelationshipswiththeirpeershelpschildrengainconfidenceusefulinotherpartsoftheirlives.（重复话题词）

2）使用同义词、近义词或反义词。

Beforechoosingapublicorprivateschoolfortheirchildren,parentsshouldtakeintoaccountthecost.Thepriceofaprivateschoolisusuallymuchhigherthanthatofapublicschool.（话题词同义改写）

3）利用词的上下义关系。

如fall－September。

4）利用词的语义场。

如：

颜色场、时间场、空间场、年龄场、亲属场、关系场、食物场等。

3.语法纽带。

1）人称照应。

使用人称代词（he,she,they,it等）与前句建立连接关系。

2）指示照应。

使用指示代词（this,that,these,those）与前句照应。

3）替代照应。

使用so，one或do等来代替上文出现的句子、名词或动词。

4）平行结构。

如ontheonehand…，ontheotherhand;

some…others

五、解题步骤：

1.找出或归纳出给出句子的关键词或衔接词。

2.扫描定位关键词在考查段落中的大致位置。

3.将该句插入这一大致位置，看其与上下句在逻辑和语义上是否连贯。

下面再来看开头给出的那道例题。

六、例题讲解

例一：

Anthropologistsattemptingtoconstructascenariofortheevolutionofmodernhumans—Homosapiens—agreethataustralopithecinesaretheearliesthumanlikebeingsknownfromthefossilrecord.Australopithecines,agroupofseveralspecies,werepresentinAfricafromabout4.4millionyearsagountilaboutonemillionyearsago.Unfortunately,fewfossilsoftheseearlyhumanlikecreaturesexistandthosethatdoareonlyfragmentsofthewholeskeleton.Thishasledtomuchspeculationandargumentamongexpertsaboutthespecificpositionofvariousaustralopithecinesintheevolutionaryhistoryofhumans.However,fromexaminingthefossilbonesoftheleg,pelvis,andfoot,itisapparentthataustralopithecineswererelativelyshortandstockyandwalkeduprightlikehumans.（A）■Anuprightposturehasseveraladvantages.（B）■Itallowsformorerapidmovementoverlongdistances,increasestheabilitytoseelongerdistances,andreducestheriskofoverexposuretotheSun.（C）■Thethreeidentifiedspeciesofaustralopithecinessharedthesecharacteristicsand,basedonthestructureoftheirskull,jaws,andteeth,appeartohavebeenherbivores,orplanteaters,withrelativelysmallbrains.（D）■

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

Inaddition,uprightposturefreesthearmsforotherusessuchascarryingthings,manipulatingobjects,andusingtools.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Clickonasquare

toaddthesentencetothepassage.

例二：

OnFebruary17,1913,intheArmoryoftheSixty-ninthRegimentinNewYork,anexhibitofnewartopenedthatshockedthepublic.（A）.■Americanartists—theartestablishmentaswellasrebelslikeRobertHenriandothermembersoftheAshcanschool—participatedintheshow,butthemoststartlingofthe1,600piecesonviewwerebyEuropeanmodernists.（B）■StieglitzhadalreadyexhibitedsomeoftheEuropeanartistsinhisshowsat291,buthehadneverattractedbigcrowdsortheattentiontheArmoryShowreceived.（C）■Aftertheshow,despitethepublicjeers,manyAmericanartistsandpatronswhosawtheinnovativeworkrealizedthatthetimehadcomeforachange.（D）■ButtheydidnotwanttoimitatetheEuropeans.WithinthenextfewyearsmanyAmericanartists,followingtheexamplesofHenriandSteiglitz,wouldcreatetheirownAmericanversionsofmodernism.

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

AparticularlycontroversialEuropeanworkwasDuchamp’sNudeDescendingaStaircase,No.2;

thismodernistpaintingmayhavedrawnmoreattention,bothpositiveandnegative,thanalltheAmericanpiecescombined.

例三：

……Sometimeshugebouldersofgraniteorsomeotherexoticrocktype,uptoseveralmetersacross,werefoundembeddedinitorwereleftonthesurfaceafterthesurroundingmaterialhadbeenerodedaway.Thesebouldershadpolishedsurfacesorweremarkedwithdistinctivescratchesandgrooves.（A）■Drift,asthisdepositcametobecalled,wasclearlytheresultofageologicallyrecenteventonatrulygiganticscale.（B）■Thenatureofthiseventwashotlydebatedintheearly1800’s.（C）■

EuropeangeologistslikeJeandeCharpentierandJeanLouisAgassizdevelopedthemostwidelyacceptedscientifictheoryoftheoriginofthedrift.（D）■ThistheorywasbasedonaninsightAgassizhadwhenhestoodonaSwissglacierinthe1830’s.

AnimportantfigureinthisdiscussionwastheeminentBritishgeologistWilliamBuckland,whoarguedthatthedriftwastheremainsofaglobaldeluge—probablyoneofthegreatfloodsmentionedinthemythsofmanycultures.

例四：

AftertheMoon’sbirth,strayfragmentsoftheejectedrockshowereditssurface,creatingthecratersthatcoverthelunarhighlands.AfewhugefragmentsfallingontotheMoonlaterinitsformationprocessblastedenormousholesthatlaterfloodedwithmolteninteriorrocktobecomethelarge,smooth,darkareasoftheMoonnotedbyearlyobserverswhomistakenlycalledthem“seas”.ThatrockwasprobablymeltedintheMoon’sinteriorbyradioactivedecay,ashappenedintheEarth.（A）■Duringthetimeittooktherocktomelt,abouthalfabillionyears,mostofthedebrisremainingintheMoon’svicinityfellontoitssurface.（B）■Thus,bythetimethe“seas”flooded,littlematerialwaslefttofallonthem,andsotheyareonlylightlycratered.（C）■Sincethattime,theMoonhasexperiencednomajorchanges.（D）■

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

Ithasbeenavirtuallydeadworldforallbuttheearliesttimesinitshistory,althoughitcreateseffectsonEarthintheformofeclipsesandtides.

七、插入句子练习

Exercise1

Mosttunasandbillfisheshaveaseriesofkeelsandfinletsnearthetail.Althoughmostoftheirscaleshavebeenlost,tunasandmackerelsretainapatchofcoarsescalesneartheheadcalledthecorselet.Thekeels,finlets,andcorselethelpdirecttheflowofwateroverthebodysurfaceinsuchaswayastoreduceresistance（seethefigure）.Again,supersonicjetshavesimilarfeatures.

（A）■Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.（B）■Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.（C）■Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.（D）■Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.

Onepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthestreamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.Somespeciesoftunahavespecializedgroovesintheirtongue.Itisthoughtthatthesegrooveshelptochannelwaterthroughthemouthandoutthegillslits,therebyreducingwaterresistance.

Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater.

Exercise2

Theoristsadoptingthepsychodynamicapproachholdthatinnerconflictsarecrucialforunderstandinghumanbehavior,includingaggression.SigmundFreud,forexample,believedthataggressiveimpulsesareinevitablereactionstothefrustrationsofdailylife.Childrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediately.（A）■Yetchildren,alsofearingtheirparents’punishmentandthelossofparentallove,cometorepressmostaggressiveimpulses.（B）■TheFreudianperspective,inasense,seesusas“steame