A-case-study优质PPT.ppt

A-case-study优质PPT.ppt

《A-case-study优质PPT.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《A-case-study优质PPT.ppt（53页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Acasestudy,ChenJingLeiChun,Contents,WhatisacasestudySelectingthesubjectsCollectingdata-Interview.ChenJing-Think-aloud-Diary.LeiChun,Whatisacasestudy,Acasestudyisastudythatexaminesoneormorecasesindetailbyusingmultiplesourcesofdata.,Whatisacasestudy,ExampleOneChenstudiedonesix-yearoldboywhosewayoflearningEnglishwordswasparticularlyinteresting.Differentfromotherchildren,hetriedtoremembernewwordsthoroughpictures.Chenobservedhowhelearnednewwordsforaperiodofsixmonthsandtookdownalotofnotes.,ExampleTwoDongstudiedacaseofajointonlineinwhichthestudentsfromNanjingUniversityandRandolph-MaconWomensCollegereadselectedwritingofPearlS.Buckandthencommunicatedonlineaboutwhattheyread.Sheobservedtheclasses,andcollectedthee-mailsandassignmentsforthepurposeofexaminingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthecourse.,Whatisacasestudy,ExampleThreeInordertoillustrateandsupplementtheresultsfromasurveystudy,WenexaminedtwostudentswhoenteredNanjingUniversitywithsimilarmatriculationscoresbutdifferedgreatlyinEnglishProficiencyTestforEnglishMajorsBand4.Throughinterviewscripts,observingnotesandthestudentsdiaries,sheintendedtofindoutwhythesetwostudentsshowedsuchgreatdifferencesintheirachievementaftertwoyearsstudyinuniversity.,Whatisacasestudy,Fromtheaboveexamples,youmayfindthatacasestudymayinvolveasinglecasesuchExampleOneorExampleTwo.Wecallthesingle-casestudywherethefocusiswithinthecase.,ExampleThreeinvolvestwoormorecases.Itisamultiple-casestudywherethefocusisbothwithinandacross.,Featuresofacasestudy,Casestudiesdonotinvestigateallthedetailsofeachcase.Instead,thecasestudyhasaclearfocuswhichservesasalensthroughwhichtheresearcherstudiesthecase.,Thefocusedaspectshouldbeexaminedwithinthecontext.Thefocusedaspecthastobeviewedaspartofasystemratherthanasanisolatedfactor.,Selectingthesubjects,Considerationsforsubject-selection-thesubjectsattributes-thesubjectsattitude,Selectingthesubjects,-thesubjectsattributesYouhavetodecideinwhichattributesyouwantthesubjectstobevariedandinwhichonestobesimilar.Thesimpleanswertothisquestionisexceptfortheattributesyouaretoinvestigate,youshouldtrytoneutralizeasmanyattributesaspossible.,Selectingthesubjects,-thesubjectsattributesExampleThreeInordertoillustrateandsupplementtheresultsfromasurveystudy,WenexaminedtwostudentswhoenteredNanjingUniversitywithsimilarmatriculationscoresbutdifferedgreatlyinEnglishProficiencyTestforEnglishMajorsBand4.Throughinterviewscripts,observingnotesandthestudentsdiaries,sheintendedtofindoutwhythesetwostudentsshowedsuchgreatdifferencesintheirachievementaftertwoyearsstudyinuniversity.,Selectingthesubjects-thesubjectsattributes,Note:

@#@L1P=ScoresontheMatriculationEnglishTestL2P=ScoresontheMatriculationChineseTestLP=ViewsabouttheimportanceoflearningEnglishEfforts=Amountoftimeonself-initiativestudyperweekBand4=ScoresonEnglishProficiencyTest-Band4,Selectingthesubjects,Firstofall,youmayfindWentriedtokeepconstantasmanyvariablesaspossibleexceptforthevariableofscoresonTEM-Band4andEfforts.ThereasonisthatthedifferencesidentifiedlaterinStrategyUsecouldberegardedasamajorcausefortheirvariedL2achievementswithouttoomuchdisagreement.,Secondly,theeffortsaredifferent.ThereasonisthatWensinterestwasinintheroleofStrategyUseandshedidnotwantotherpeopletochallengebyconclusionbysayingthemoreimportantreasonwaseffortsratherthanStrategyUseledwhichledSubjectOnetoabetterL2learningoutcome.,Selectingthesubjects,-thesubjectsattitudeAcasestudyismuchmoredemandingonthetaskindividually.Thenweshouldmakesurethatthesubjectstobechosenwillhaveapositiveattitude.,How?

@#@,Selectingthesubjects,-thesubjectsattitudeallthecandidatesshouldbewellinformedofwhattheyareexpectedtodointhestudyandinwhichwayyouwillcompensatefortheirtimeandeffort,ifyouplanto,beforetheymaketheirowndecisionwhethertheyarewillingtojointhestudyornot.,Tomotivatethosecandidatestocooperatewithyou,itisoftenbesttofindawaytoshowyourappreciationoftheirwork.Forexample,youcangivethemsomegiftslikedictionaries,booksorstationery.,Collectingdata,Threetechniques-Interview-Think-aloud-Diary,Collectingdata-Interview,Whatisaninterview?

@#@Itmaysimplybedefinedasatalkthroughwhichtheresearcheraskstheintervieweeaseriesofquestionstofindoutsomeinformationabouttheinterviewee.,Interviewsmaybeconductedbyopen-endedquestionsorclosequestions.However,onlytrulyopen-endedquestionscanleadtoqualitativedata.Therefore,theinterviewsdiscussedbelowonlycontainsopen-endedquestions.,Collectingdata-Interview,Advantagesandlimitations-AdvantagesItcanelicitinformationwhichimpossibletoobtainbyotherdata-collectiontechniques.Forexample,youcanobservefeelings,thoughtsandintentions.,Itcanallowustoenterintotheotherpersonsperspective.Theassumptionwehaveforinterviewingisthattheperspectiveofothersismeaningful,knowable,andthatitispossibletomakesuchaperspectiveexplicit.,Collectingdata-Interview,-LimitationsWehavetobecautiousaboutsuchself-reporteddataresultingfrominterviewing.Inaninterview,peoplemayunderstate,Collectingdata-Interview,ThreeTypesofinterview1.unstructuredinterview2.semi-structuredinterview3.structuredinterview,Collectingdata-Interview,-unstructuredinterviewItisalsocalledopeninterview.Theyprovideinterviewerswithalotoffreedom.Theinterviewquestionsaregeneratedspontaneouslyinthenaturalflowofaninteraction.Theintervieweemaynotevenrealizetheinterviewisbeingconducted.,Collectingdata-Interview,-semi-structuredinterviewItisconductedaccordingtoaninterviewschedulewhichispreparedbeforetheinterviewbegins.Thequestionsinthescheduleneednotbetakeninanyparticularorderandtheactualwordingofquestionsisnotdeterminedinadvance.Suchaninterviewrequirestheinterviewertohaveahighlevelofskills.,Collectingdata-Interview,-structuredinterviewItconsistsofasetofopen-endedquestionscarefullywordedandarrangedwiththeintentionoftakingeachintervieweethroughthesamesequenceandaskingeachintervieweethesamequestionswithessentiallythesamewords.Thestructuredinterviewisparticularlyappropriatewhenseveralinterviewersareneededtoconductinterviewsonthesametopic.,Preparinganinterviewguide/schedule-semi-structuredinterview-structuredinterview,Preparingtheinterviewguideinvolvesthefollowingtasks:

@#@1）decidewhattypeofinformationyouwanttoobtain2）determinethesequenceofquestions3）choosethewordingofquestions,Preparinganinterviewguide/schedule,-typesofinformation1）experiences/behaviors2）feelings3）opinions4）knowledge/abilities5）backgroundYoucanputtheabovefivetypesofquestionsinthetimeframe:

@#@past,presentandfuture.,Preparinganinterviewguide/schedule,-sequenceofquestionsTherearenofixedrulessequenceinorganizinganinterview.somesuggestions:

@#@1）easierquestionsfirst2）questionsabouthereandnowfirst3）interestingquestionsfirst,Preparinganinterviewguide/schedule,Thetrulyopen-endedquestiondoesnotpresupposewhichdimensionoffeelingorthoughtwillbesalientfortheinterviwee.Thetrulyopen-endedquestionpermitsthepersonbeingintervieweedtoselectfromamongthatpersonsfullrepertoireofpossibleresponses.,Preparinganinterviewguide/schedule,Example1:

@#@Howdoyoufeelaboutthespeakingclassinthelanguagelaboratory?

@#@Whatisyouropinionofthespeakingclassinthelanguagelaboratory?

@#@Whatdoyouthinkofthespeakingclassinthelanguagelaboratory?

@#@,Thepurposeofanin-depthinterviewistogettheintervieweetotalk-totalkaboutexperiences,feeling,opinions,andknowledge.,Interviewingstrategies,usingataperecorderprobingconversationalstyle,Interviewingstrategies-usingataperecorder,Tapesareapermanentrecordpfprimaryinformationthatcanbekeptanpassedontootherresearchers.Youshouldpreparetwotaperecordersincaseoneisoutoforder.Youshouldusereallygoodtapes.,Interviewingstrategies-probing,-silentprobe-echoprobe-conversationalstyle,Interviewingstrategies-probing,Theapparentlyeasiestyetthemostdifficultprobingtechniqueisthesilentprobe,whichsimplymeansremainingquietandwaitingforanintervieweetocontinue.Thesilencemaybeaccompaniedbyanod,orbyamumbleduh-huh.,Thesilentprobeisariskytechniquetouse.Ifanintervieweeisgenuinelyattheendofathoughtandyoudonotprovidefurtherguidance,yoursilencecanbecomeawkward.,Interviewingstrategies-probing,Anotherkindofprobeiscalledtheechoprobethatissimplyrepeatingthelastthinganintervieweehassaidandaskingthemtocontinue.Theechoprobeisparticularlyusefulwhenanintervieweeisdescribingaprocess,oranevent.,Forexample,onceanintervieweestoppeddescribing,youmightsay,Isee.Youreadthetitlefirsttopredictthegeneralideaaboutthetext.Thenwhatdoyoudonext?

@#@Thisprobeisneutralanddoesnotredirecttheinterview.Itshowsthatyouunderstandwhathasbeensaidsofarandencouragestheintervieweetocontinuewithhisorhernarration.,Interviewingstrategies-probing,Byconversationalstyle,aninterviewerandanintervieweeshouldtalktoeachotherinanaturalmanner.Thisisadifficulttask.,1）Asaninterviewer,youhavepreparedasetofquestionstoaskandyouhavetokeeptheconversationonthetrack.2）Youshouldtal