从图式理论论文化图式的英译问题及对策.docx

从图式理论论文化图式的英译问题及对策.docx

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从图式理论论文化图式的英译问题及对策

OntheProblemsandStrategiesinC-ETranslationofCulturalSchemafromtheSchemaTheoryApproach

从图式理论论文化图式的英译问题及对策

0Abstract

Chinesetourismhassprungupalongwiththerapiddevelopmentofcomprehensivenationalstrengthsincethereformandopeningpolicy.China,whichisatime-honoredmysteriouscountrywithalonghistoryoffivethousandyears,hasattractedmoreandmoreforeigntouristforitssplendidviewandrichculture.Therefore,manyChinesetouristpublicitymaterialsaretranslatedintoEnglishtopromoteanexchangeofrichChineseculturewithotherculturesandthedevelopmentofthisindustry.However,manyscenicspotswhichhavealonghistoricalstandingandaretherichculturaldepositsaretotallyunfamiliartoforeigntourists.CulturalSchema,i.e.thebackgroundknowledgeinthetouristpublicitymaterials,oftenputsforwardgreatdifficultyandprobleminthetranslationofChinesetouristpublicitymaterials.FromtheperspectiveofSchemaTheory,thisessaytriestoanalyzetheproblemstranslatorsalwaysencounterintranslatingschemaandtodiscusstherelativestrategiescommonlyusedincopingwithsuchsituation.

Keywords:

Chinesetouristpublicitymaterial;schematheory;culturalschema

摘要

改革开放以来，随着中国综合国力的提升，中国的旅游业迅猛发展。

中国这一具有五千年悠久历史的神秘的东方古国，以其如画的风景，浓厚的文化积淀吸引力越来越多的外国游客。

为了更好地促进中外的文化交流，推动中国旅游业的发展，很多中文的旅游资料被翻译成英文。

但是，许多旅游景点历史悠久，文化底蕴浓厚，它们所承载的许多历史文化，对外国游客来说是完全陌生的。

宣传资料中的文化图式，即文章中内容部分的背景知识，经常给译者带来很大的困扰和很多的问题。

本文将从图式理论的角度出发，分析翻译文化图式时常见的问题并制定相应应对策略。

关键词：

中国旅游宣传资料；图式理论；文化图式

Contents

Abstract2

摘要3

Introduction4

ChapterOnePublicSigns5

1.1DefinitionofPublicSigns5

1.2FunctionalFeaturesofPublicSigns6

1.3ClassificationsofPublicSigns6

1.4CulturalSchema6

ChapterTwoErrorAnalysisofCulturalSchema7

2.1ErrorsofCulturalSchema8

2.2CausesofErrors9

ChapterThreeStrategiesforTranslatingCulturalSchema11

3.1TranslationPrinciplesofSchemaTheory11

3.2Strategies12

Conclusion16

References17

Acknowledgements18

Introduction

EconomicglobalizationprovidesmoreopportunitiesforChinatoconductinternationalculturalexchangeandco-operationwithothercountries.ThefactthatmoreandmoreforeignerscometoChinafortravelmakestranslationofChinesetouristpublicitymaterialsimportantandnecessary.However,thequalityofChinese-English（C-E）translationsoftouristmaterialsisfarfrombeingsatisfactory.ManyculturalelementsarenotadequatelyrenderedintoEnglishandmanyofthemareword-for-wordtranslation,filledwithlinguisticmistakesandChinese-styleEnglishexpressions.

Thisthesisstartsfromthedefinitionofschemaanditscategoriesandculturalschema.ThesecondchapterfocusesonerroranalysisofC-Etranslationofculturalschemainwhichcategoriesoferrorsandcausesoferrorsareincluded.Examplesareshownforanalysis.ThelastchapterintroducesschematheoriesandstrategiestoimproveC-EtranslationofculturalschemainChinesetouristpublicitymaterialsfromthispointofview.Thethesisendswithaconclusion–ChinashouldstriveforimprovingC-EtranslationofculturalschemainChinesetouristpublicitymaterials.

ChapterOneSchemaTheory

1.1DefinitionofSchemaTheory

PlatoelaboratestheGreekdoctrineofidealtypes–suchastheperfectcirclethatexistsinthemindbutwhichnoonehaseverseen.Kantfurtherdevelopedthenotionandintroducedthewordschema.Hedescribedschemaas“theinnerstructuretohelpusunderstandtheworld”［1］252.Forexample,hedescribesthe"dog"schemaamentalpatternwhich"candelineatethefigureofafour-footedanimalinageneralmanner,withoutlimitationtoanysingledeterminatefigureasexperience,oranypossibleimagethatIcanrepresentinconcreto.”（Kant1781）.

Sincethattime,manyothertermshavebeenusedaswell,including"frame,""scene,""scenario,""script"andeven"model","theory".PsychologistFredericCharlesBartlettusedtheword“schemata”inhisbookRemembering.Itmeant“activeorganizationofpastactionandexperience”［2］201.Thebasicprincipleofschematheoryisthatanytext,oralorwritten,carriesnomeaningitself.Itislistenersorreaderswhogainindicationfromthetextandthensearchandconstructthemeaningfromtheknowledgetheyhaveattainedinthepast.Theknowledgereadersattainedinthepastiscalledbackgroundknowledge,thestructurereadersattainedinthepastiscalledschemata.Keytheoreticaldevelopmentofschematheorywasmadeinseveralfields,includinglinguistics,anthropology,psychologyandartificialintelligence.Theheydayofschematheorywasprobablyinthe1970s.Sincethattime,manylinguistsandpsychologist,suchasMinsky（1975）,Rumelhart（1980）,Carrel和Eisterhold（1988）,EysenckandKeane（1990）usedschematheorytoanalyzeandexplainthepsychicalprocessoflanguagelearningandreading.Thenmodernschematheorycomesintobeing［3］64.Itcomposesofslotorvariable.

1.2ClassificationsofSchema

Differentscholarclassifyschemaindifferentways.Carrel（1983）assortschemaintotwocategories:

contentschemataandformalschemata.Kramsch（1993）sortschemaintothreecategories:

textschemata,genreschemataandcontentschemata.ThenCook（1994）alsoclassifyschemaintothreecategories:

worldschemata,textschemataand1anguageschemata.

Tomeettheneedofstudy,domesticscholarsalsoclassifytheschema.MingdongLiu（2003）thinksthatduringthetranslationofschema,translatorsshouldcorrectlydecodeandthenencodelanguageschemata,contextschemata,styleschemataandculturalschematainthesourcelanguage.Inthisway,wewillhavethebesttranslation.Inthisthesis,IwillemphasizethesignificantfunctionofthetranslationofculturalschemainChinesetouristpublicitymaterials.

1.3BasicFunctionsofSchema

Sinceschemaarrangesinhierarchicalorder,aprimeschemacomprisesinferiorschemaanduntilthelastbasics.Therefore,wecanderivethefeaturesinferiorschemahasfromthesuperiorschema;inthesameway,iftheinferiorschemaisactivated,thesuperiorschemawillabsolutelybeactivated.Theactivationofschemaisthatreadersorlearnerscouldestimatethepossiblecontentbyreceivingsomecertaininformationwhichcouldhelpuspickuptherelativebackgroundknowledgefromtheschemastructure.Onlyactivatingtherightschemacouldhelpreadersunderstandthebackgroundknowledgefasterandbetter;otherwise,thatwouldbringaboutmisunderstanding.

Inaword,thebasicfunctionsofschemaarelistedasfollows:

（1）Structure.Learningistheprocessofstructuringtheinnermentalrepresentation.Learningisnotonlytomoveknowledgeintoourbrain,buttostructurenewunderstandingbasedontheinteractionwiththeoutsideworldandtheexistingknowledgeandexperience.

（2）Deduction.Peoplecandeducetheconnotativeorunknowninformation,whichareimportanttoattainandunderstandknowledge,throughtheinnerlogicoftheslotsinaschema.（3）Searching.Wecanactivelysearchoutmoreimportantinformationbyusingschematogenerateacleargoalandprediction.（4）Conformity.Peoplecanembodyandintegrateslotsbyputtingnewinformationintheframeofschema.

1.4CulturalSchema

Thecontentschema,alsotheculturalschema,IwilldiscussinthischapterreferstobackgroundknowledgeorinformationinChinesetourismmaterials［4］79.Itisveryimportanttotheunderstandingofthesematerials.Itcomprisesthenotionalinformationandknowledgeofacertaintopic.Forexample,whenreadersreadabout“ChineseNewYear”,theywillspontaneouslyhaveapictureintheirmind:

familyreunion,familyreuniondinner,NewYearpictures,Chinesecouplet,jiaozi,firecracker,etc.Contentschemacanhelpreadersunderstandthematerialsbetterandfasterviapredictionandinformationselection.Contentschemahascloseconnectionwithculture,soitisalsocalledculturalschema.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslators’aimistoconveytheinformationintheoriginaltexttothereadersandthentoactivatetherelativeschemainreaders’mindandfinallytohelpreadersunderstandthetextaswellasthewriter.

Itisculturalschemathatisthemostintractableproblemfortranslatorsintheprocessoftranslation.Largeconcentrationsofculturalschemaarecentralizedinthesematerials.Iftranslatorsdonothandlethemcarefully,theywillerectbarriersforreaderstoactivatetherelativeschemaandevencausesomedifficultiestounderstand.

ChapterTwoErrorAnalysisofCulturalSchema

2.1CulturalSchemaDefault

Forthereasonsofgeography,historyandculture,itispossibletofindthatsomewell-knowndefinitioninoneculturecannotbefoundcounterpartinanotherculture.Moreover,readersdonothaveappropriateschemasandtheycannotimmediatelycreateaschematosupplyagap［5］41.Thiscausesculturalschemadefault.Therelativeculturalschemainoriginalwriter’sminddoesnotexistorisnotintegratedintranslationreader’smind.Wecallthissituationculturalschemadefault.

WhileforeigntouristsareenjoyingtheculturalobjectsandhistoricrelicsinChina,theywillinevitablymeetwithnumeroushistoricalnames.ThesenamesaresofamiliartoourChinesepeople,buttotallyunknowntoforeigntourists.Forexample,thissentencehereinafterisexcerptedfromtheintroductionofJigongmemorialinZhejiangprovince:

Example1:

济公劫富济贫，深受穷苦人民爱戴。

［6］。

TheEnglishversionintouristmaterialis“Jigongrobbedtherichandhelpedthepoorandwasdeeplylovedandesteemedbytheimpoverished.”Jigongisalmostwell-knowntoallChinesepeople.TheschemaofJigongrootsinChinesedeeply.WhenChinesepeopleseetheword“济公”,theschemaofjigongwillbeactivated--raggedclothes,“insane”word,distin