汽车专业 翻译 中英文全the social economic and environmental impacts of trade liberalization.docx

汽车专业 翻译 中英文全the social economic and environmental impacts of trade liberalization.docx

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汽车专业翻译中英文全thesocialeconomicandenvironmentalimpactsoftradeliberalization

AnalysisoftheInefficientConsumerSurplusof

ChineseDomesticallyProducedCars

HeyingDengStanGlaseHongYu

Abstract：

ThetheoreticalfoundationofthisthesisistheextendedValue-Addedtheory——Value-Creatingtheory.TheconclusiontheauthorgetsisthatChinesedomesticallyproducedcarsarelackoftheabilitytocreatebiggerconsumersurplus.Theauthorstudiesthereasonscausedtheseweaknesses,thenegativeeffectscausedbythisproblemandgivessuggestionsonhowtoenhanceconsumersurplusforChinesedomesticallyproducedcars,givesthemanufacturer’ssurpluskeptguaranteed.

Keywords：

domesticallyproducedcarsconsumersurplusvaluecreatingtheory

1．Maintheoriesusedinthisarticle

1）Valuecreatingtheory

AccordingtotheValuecreatingtheory,ifafirmwantstogainthecompetitiveadvantageoverhiscompetitors,itshoulddobetterthanthelatterincreatingvalue.Createdvalueisequaltoconsumerperceptiblevalue（B）minusmanufacturercost（C）.Perceptiblevalue,theproductcontainedisavaluethatrecognizedbytheconsumer.Whensomeonepurchaseaproduct,theprice（P）thatconsumerpaidformustbelowerthantheperceptiblevalue.Thedifferenceiscalledconsumersurplus（B–P）.Whenpurchasinggoods,consumers²willchoosetheonewiththebiggestconsumersurplus.Owingtothis,manufacturersneedtobringthesatisfactoryconsumersurplustoconsumers.Thecreatedvaluemustbedistributedbetweenconsumersandthemanufacturers.Themanufacturerprofit（P–C）representsthevaluethatthemanufacturerhasmadefromthecreatedvalue.Theprofitgainedbythemanufacturerisdependedontheprice（P）aswellastheconsumersurplusownedbytheconsumer,giventhesameBandC.Itisobviously,ifthemanufacturermakesnegativevalue,itcouldnotsurviveinthebusinessarea.

2）Thevaluechainanalysismethod

Thevaluechainanalysismethod,asanimportantmethodonanalyzingthecompetitivepowerandweaknessesofabusinessorindustry,isbasedonthevaluecreatingtheory.Thefunctionofvaluechainanalysismethodistogainthesatisfactoryconsumersurplusandprofitablemanufacturersurplusbyanalyzingthevalueofvariousbusinessactivities.Whatthemanufacturerneedstodoistomakesurethattheyhaveenoughprofitsaswellasincreasetheconsumerperceptiblevalue.Thistheorydeepenedthetraditionalindustryvalue-addedtheory.Thisvaluechainanalysishasincreasedtheanalysisscopeofvalue-addedtheory,whichbeginsfromsupplier（purchase）totheendwithcustomerpaid（sales）,andextendedthelattertothecustomer’sfeeling,inwhichwayithasmetthemodernbusinessmanagementrequirement.

2．Studyobjectofthisarticle

In1998thewholecarmanufacturermadeup80%ofthetotaloutputvalueintheChineseautomobileindustry.Itisthemajorityofoutputvalueintheautomobileindustry.Myresearchareaisthewholecarmanufacturesession,whichisatendofthevaluechainoftheautomobileindustry.TheownershipstructuresoftheseenterprisesincludesSOEssuchasNo1automobilemanufactory,collectivefactories,suchasGeelyHoldingGroupandtheSino-foreignjointventures,whichChinaholdsthemajorityofcompanyshares.IncomparisonwiththesamemanufacturerseitherinChinesedomesticorglobalmarket,giventhemanufacturersurplusguaranteed,internationalcompetitivepowerreflectsinthedegreeoftheconsumersurplus.ThisarticlereflectstheChineseautomobileinternationalcompetitiveabilitymainlythroughtheindexofconsumersurplus.Weuseindustryvaluechainmethodtodivideourstudyarea;neverthelessweuseenterprisevalueschainmethodtomakedetailanalysis.

3．Theanalysisofinefficientconsumersurplusofdomesticallyproducedcars

1）Theconsumerperceptiblevalue（B）

First,theforeigncarsdon’thavetariffbarrier.Thepriceisverylowandthecreditsystemhasmatured.Caristheimportantequipmentinpeople’slife.Thesecondhandcarmarketisveryactive.Ithaspushedtheconsumingofthenewcar.InChina,thesecondhandcarmarketcausedinformationasymmetryduetotheseller’shonest（creditreputation）issue.Thebadqualitycarshavedriventhepremiumqualitycarsoutofthemarket.Thissituationisveryserious.Second,thereisabiggapintheroadtrafficconditionbetweenChinaandoverseas.Finally,theChineseautomobileserviceisfallenbehindtherequirement.Thereisnostandardinthesalesmarketingsystem.Apartfromimported,currentlyChinesedomesticautomobileproductsiscopying.Ithasn’thadtheindependentdevelopmentability.Theydon’thavetheirownmodel.Forexample,amongtensofcarmodelsmanufacturedbythetopeightautomobilemanufacturersinChina,onlytwomodelsarepurely“Chinesedesigned”.Allothersareimportedcarmodels.Aftertenyearsofhardwork,thetechnologyinChinesewholecarmanufactureindustryhaslargelyimproved.Buttheproductsbothofthetechnicalandmanufactorytechnologyarebehindtheinternationalleadinglevels.Allthesehavereducedtheconsumerperceptiblevalue.

2）Priceofthecar（P）

TheannualincomeofChinesepeopleisonly1/10ofAmerican.TheautomobilepriceinChinaistwiceoftheUSbeforeenteringtheWTO.Thereasonisduetothetariffandnon-tariffprotectionintheautomobileindustry,whichhasmadetheChineseautomobilepricemuchhigherthanthesameclassproductssoldoverseas.Thispolicyworkedduringtheautomobileindustrydevelopmentperiod,however,itsnegativeeffectcan’tbeneglected.Thesuperprofitproducedbytheexcessiveprotectionhasworsedtheautomobileindustrystructureandstimulatedthesmugglingactivities,whichhascausedthegovernment’slossseriouslyintaxrevenue.Someautomobilecorporationstotallyrelyonthegovernmentpolicyprotectionandarelackoftheconceptofcompetitionandthecompetitiveability.

3）Cost（C）andefficiency

ThescaleofChinesedomesticautomobileindustryissmall.Theinefficientproductivityandirrationalindustrystructurehaveledtothehighcosttomanufactureawholecar.Automobileindustryistypicalmassproductionindustry.Thescaleandefficiencyaretheobviouscharacteristicsofthisindustry.TheannualproducedcarsinChineseNo1,No2andShanghaiautomobilemanufacturerswere289,000,236,000and191,000in1998respectively,thesumproductionofwhichisequivalentto7.4%ofthatofJapanesethreebiggestautomobilemanufacturers.ThefigureofChinesemanufactoriesthatcanproducethewholecaris126,whichrankedNo1intheworldandbiggerthanthesumofalltheothercountries.Comparingwiththattheirproductionquantityisonly1/50ofthewholeworld.Besidestheeconomicscalethelaborproductivityisanotherfactorreflectsthemarketcompetitiveabilityofacorporationaswellasanindustry.In1997,theoutputperworkeris2.5contrastingwith40-60inJapan,and20-40inAmericaandEurope.EventhoughChinahasthestrengthinlabor,thecostofdomesticallyproducedcarsinChinaisstillhighbasedonthemanufacturescaleandefficiency.

Datafrom“Chineseautomobileindustryyearbook”（2000）,P315showed,bytheyearbook,thelowestoptimumproductionscaleforautomobilemanufacturingis300,000unitsperyear.Wecanconcludefromtable1,thatthereare12manufacturerswhoseproductionareover50,000,butunfortunatelybytheyear1999,noneofthosewereabove300,000.Althoughthingsaregettingbetternow,thereisstillagapwhencomparingwiththeforeignautomobilemanufacturers.

4）Conclusionofthewholepart3

Basedonalltheanalysisofpart3,wecangivethefollowingconclusion.Theconsumersurplus（B-P）isrelativelysmallbecauseoftheperceptiblevalueoftheconsumerofdomesticallyproducedcarsislow,whereasthepriceoftheChina’sdomesticallyproducedcarsiscomparativelyhigh.Meanwhile,eventhoughthemanufacturecostishigherthantheforeigncompetitors,becauseofthetariffprotection,theChinesedomesticmanufacturerscanmaintainthehighermanufacturersurplus（P-C）inacertainperiod.AlongwiththedeepeningofinvolvingwithWTO,suchadvantagebecomesthefactorsthatcausedChinesedomesticautomobileindustrylackofinternationalcompetitiveability.Itisparticularlyshowninthefollowingpoints.

4．Negativeeffectscausedbytheinefficientconsumer’ssurplusofdomesticallyproducedcars

1）RiskoflosingmarketshareindomesticChina

After1995theimportedcarsmarketsharejumpdramaticallyforthequicklyincreasingnumberoftheSino-foreignjoint–venturesinChinesedomesticandthegovernment’sindustryprotectionpolicy.AfterenteringWTO,themarketwilldeterminetheprice,andconsumerswillchoosetheonethathavethehighestB.ThefollowingchartisusedtoanalyzethemarketshareofboththeimportedcarsandthedomesticallyproducedcarsgiventhepricesarethesamewhilstthereisadifferencebetweenB.

Basedontheanalysisoftheformerpart,wehavedrawntheconclusionthatthedomesticallyproducedcarscontainlessBwhencontrastingwiththeimportedones.

2）Increasingoftheamountofimportedcars

TheamountofcarimportedoccupiesabigshareofthetotalimportedautomobilesofChina.Wecanseefromthedata:

of“Sohuautomobile”andthepictureisreeditedbytheauthor,thatthetrendofimportedautomobileisgreatlyaffectedbytheimportedcars.

5．ThesolutiontoincreaseconsumersurplusofChinesedomesticallyproducedcarsgiventhemanufacturersurpluskeepingthesame

Whattheautomobilemanufactorywantsisthemanufacturersurplus,whichistheprofitthatmentionedintheusualvalue-addedtheory.Thedegreeofthemanufacturersurplusthat