跨文化交际材料Teaching Materials revisedWord下载.docx

跨文化交际材料Teaching Materials revisedWord下载.docx

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（1）.Technologicaldevelopment

Thedevelopmentofnewtransportationandinformationtechnologieshasconnectedallnationsinwaysthatwerepossiblebeforethiscenturyonlyintheimagination.

（2）.WidespreadpopulationMigrations

（3）.ThechangesintheinternationalbusinesscommunityhavecompelledChinatoreexamineherbusiness.

（4）.DevelopmentofMulticulturalism.Culturaldiversityormulticulturalismwillbecomethenorm;

nottheexception.Thepublicmustacknowledgeandadjusttodifferencebutbuildoncommonality.

III.Interculturalcommunicationcanincludeinternational，interethnic,interracial，andinterregionalcommunication．

（1）Internationalcommunication

Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals；

itisquiteformalandritualized．ThedialogueattheUnitedNations，forexample，wouldbetermedinternationalcommunication．IfChineseChairmancommunicateswithU．S．President，wehaveinternationalcommunication，becausethisiscommunicationbetweentwonationsofcountries．

（2）Interethniccommunication

Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture．Interethniccommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds．ForexampleinChina，ifaTibetancommunicateswithaHan．wehaveinterethniccommunication，becausetheyarefromdifferentethnicgroups.

（3）Interracialcommunication

Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraceswhichpertaintodifferentphysicalcharacteristics.

Forinstance，ifanAfro-AmericaninteractswithawhiteAmerican,it'

sinterracialcommunication，whichmayormaynotbeintercultural．

（4）Interregionalcommunication

Thistermreferstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry.Ifanorthernerinteractswithasoutherner，wehavewhatiscalledinterregionalcommunication．Thesearemembersofaculturewhosharecommonmessagesandexperiencesoveralongperiodoftime,butwholiveindifferentregionsofthesamecountry.

Chapter2Culture

I.TheConceptofCulture（resourcefromtheinternet）

—E.B.Tylor（1871）inPrimitiveCulture:

“thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofasociety.”

—Lustig&

Koester:

“Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedperceptionsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorsofarelativelylargegroupofpeople”

—Gudykunst:

Cultureisourtheoryofthegamebeingplayedin 

oursociety.Weuseourtheoryofthegamebeingplayedininteractingwiththe 

otherpeopleweencounter.Ittellsushowtocommunicatewithothersandhow 

tointerprettheirbehavior.Wegenerallyarenothighlyawareoftherulesofthe 

gamebeingplayed,butwebehaveasthoughthereisgeneralagreementonthe 

rules.

—Anthropologists:

thetotalwayofliving

Theword“culture”isoneofthemostfavoredvocabularyofmanandhasbeenlabeledtoalmosteveryaspectofhumansociety.ThereisChinesecultureandAmericanculture,AsiancultureandEuropeanculture,ancientandmodernculture,teacultureandclothingculture,materialcultureandnonmaterialculture,everydaycultureandsophisticatedculture,etc.Culturescouldbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesifviewedfromdifferentperspectives.Sinceourgoalistounderstandtheinteractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,wewilladopttheanthropologicalviewofcultureinourstudyofinterculturalcommunication.AsimpledefinitionofferedbyFerraro（1995）wellservesourpurpose.Hedefinescultureas“everythingthatpeoplehavethinkanddoasmembersofasociety.”Wetakethisasaworkingdefinitionbecauseitisbothinstructiveandinclusive;

itcoversallofthethreecomponentsofculture:

materialobjects,beliefsystemsandbehaviorpatterns.AccordingtoFerraroeverythingthatpeoplethinkreferstowhatpeoplehaveintheirmind,suchasideas,valuesandattitudes;

whatpeoplehavereferstotheirmaterialpossessions;

andwhatpeopledoreferstotheirbehaviorpatterns.“Asmembersofasociety”suggeststhatthesharingofthethreecomponentsisthepassportofone’sadmittanceintoasociety.Figure3.1isamapofthethreecomponentsofculture（adaptedafterFerraro’smodel）.

Fromthemapwecanseethatculturepermeateseveryaspectofourlife.Thestudyofculture,therefore,coversalloftheitemsthatcomeundereachcategory.However,whatweareconcernedwithinthisbookareonlythosethingsthatarecloselyrelatedtointerpersonalcommunication,especiallythingsthattendtobedifferentacrosscultures.

☆Cultureislearnedbehavior

Patternsofculturearenotinherentwithanyindividual.Theyarenotgeneticallypasseddownfrompreviousgenerations;

rather,theyareacquiredthroughtheprocessoflearningorinteractingwiththeindividual’senvironment.Theprocessofculturalacquisitioniscalledenculturation.Thelearningenvironmentincludesthefamily,neighborhood,schools,socialgroups,physicalsurroundingsetc.Iftheenvironmentisdifferent,theculturethateachindividuallearnsoracquireswillbedifferenttoo.

☆Cultureisusuallyacquiredunconsciously

Itshouldbenotedthatthelearningofcultureisusuallydoneunconsciously.Ourrelationshipwithcultureislikethatbetweenbirdsandthesky,fishandwaterorpeopleandair.Onlywhenwearedeprivedofourowncultureorputintoacompletelynewculturecanwerealizetheimportanceofculturetous.Withoutculturewecannotsurvive.Sincecultureisoftenlearnedunconsciously,weoftenfailtoaccountforourbehavior.Ininterculturalstudies,weshouldmakedeliberateefforttounderstandhowcultureinfluencesourownbehavioraswellasthatofotherpeople.

☆Cultureissharedamongitsmembers

Thelearnedculturalpatternsarenotthepropertyofanyindividualsbutsharedbythemembersofthesamegrouporsociety.WhenwesayAandBcomefromthesameculture,weassumeAandBsharethesamepatternsofliving:

thesamesetofsymbolsusedforcommunication,thesamerulesofspeaking,thesameideaaboutwhatwecanbeeatenasfoodandwhatcannot,thesamebeliefaboutnatureandman,andsoon.Thoughindividualsmayhavedifferentpreferencesoveronewayofconductoranother,theymustshareoneandthesamesystemoutofwhichtheirpersonalchoiceismade.Withinthesamesystem,individualscaneasilyunderstandoneotherandadjustthemselvestotheirsurroundings.Ifweintendtounderstandpeoplefromothercultures,andcommunicateeffectivelywiththem,wemusttrytounderstandtheirwaysofliving.

☆Cultureispersistentandenduring

Cultureisnotcreatedanddevelopedovernight.Itisthedepositofhumanknowledgeandcollectionofbothmaterialandnon-materialwealthcreatedbymanoverthelongprocessofhumancivilization.Thisnatureofculturegivescontinuitytothedevelopmentofacultureandprovidesreinforcementtoitsmembersintheirlifetimelearningoftheculture.

☆Culturemanifestsitselfbothimplicitlyandexplicitly

Someaspectsofcultureareeasilyobservableandsomearenot.Thewaysofdressing,talking,andworkingarereadilynoticeable,buttheideasandmotivationsunderlyingthesesuperficialbehaviorsaregenerallyunrecognized.Thestudyofcultureanditspeopleshouldinvolvenotonlythelearningoftheexplicitrulesbutalsothoseimplicitbeliefs,valuesattitudesthatrelatetothem.

☆Cultureisadaptiveandchangeable

Thoughcultureispersistentandenduring,itisnotstatic.Anygreatinventionsandprocessofmankindwillbringaboutchangesinpeople’sideas,wayoflife,modeofbehavioretc.andthesechangesoftentakeplaceonthesuperficiallevelsofaculture,whilethedeepstructures,i.e.ideologicalperceptions,valuesandvalueorientations,worldviewsandbeliefs,arelikelytostayorchangeslowly.Therefore,thestudyofcultureshouldtakeadynamicperspective.Wemustnotassumethatanytraitofcultureisforeverfixed.Thebeliefthatcultureisadaptiveandchangeablealsomakesitpossibleforustolearnaboutnewculturesandadaptourselvestothem.

☆Cultureisrelational

Anycultureisanintegratedentity.Allthecomponentsofcultureareinterrelated.Thechangeofoneaspectofculturewillcertainlybringaboutchangesinotheraspectsaswell.Thestudyofcultureandpeopleshouldalsotakearelationalapproach.Inotherwords,weshouldstudyoneaspectofcultureinrelationtootheraspects.Onlyinthiswaycanwegainatrueunderstandingofacultureanditspeople.

Worldcultureistheideathatastraditionalbarriersamongpeopleofdifferingculturesbreakdown,emphasizingthecommonalityofhumanneeds,oneculturewillemerge,anewculturetowhichallpeoplewilladhere.

II.Metaphorsofculture

—Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin,theskyabirdfliesin,andtheairpeoplelivein.

—Cultureisthesoftwareofourmind.

—Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior.

—Cultureislikeaniceberg.

III.Classificationofculture

—highculture

—popularculture

—deepculture

Chapter3Communication

I.Definitio