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ThepresenceofmammalspeciesthatrequiregrasslandvegetationhasledArcticbiologistDaleGuthrietoarguethatwhilecoldanddry,theremusthavebeenbroadareasofdensevegetationtosupportherdsofmammoth,horse,andbison.Further,nearlyalloftheice-agefaunahadteeththatindicateanadaptationtograssesandsedges;
theycouldnothavebeensupportedbyamodernfloraofmossesandlichens.Guthriehasalsodemonstratedthatthelandscapemusthavebeensubjecttointenseandcontinuouswinds,especiallyinwinter.Hemakesthisargumentbasedontheanatomyofhorseandbison,whichdonothavetheabilitytosearchforfoodthroughdeepsnowcover.Theyneedlandscapeswithstrongwindsthatremovethewintersnows,exposingthedrygrassesbeneath.Guthrieappliedtheterm“mammothsteppe"
tocharacterizethislandscape.
Incontrast,PaulColinvauxhasofferedacounterargumentbasedontheanalysisofpolleninlakesedimentsdatingtothelasticeage.HefoundthattheamountofpollenrecoveredinthesesedimentsissolowthattheBeringianlandscapeduringthepeakofthelastglaciationwasmorelikelytohavebeenwhathetermeda"
polardesert,"
withlittleoronlysparsevegetation,innowaywasitpossiblethatthisregioncouldhavesupportedlargeherdsofmammalsandthus,humanhunters.Guthriehasarguedagainstthisviewbypointingoutthatradiocarbonanalysisofmammoth,horse,andbisonbonesfromBeringiandepositsrevealedthatthebonesdatetotheperiodofmostintenseglaciation.
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Theargumentseemedtobeatastandstilluntilanumberofrecentstudiesresultedinaspectacularsuiteofnewfinds.Thefirstwasthediscoveryofa1,000-square-kilometerpreservedpatchofBeringianvegetationdatingtojustover17,000yearsago—thepeakofthelasticeageTheplantswerepreservedunderathickashfallfromavolcaniceruption.Investigationsoftheplantsfoundgrasses,sedges,mosses,andmanyothervarietiesinanearlycontinuouscover,aswaspredictedbyGuthrie.Butthisvegetationhadathinrootmatwithnosoilformation,demonstratingthattherewaslittlelong-termstabilityinplantcover,afindingsupportingsomeoftheargumentsofColinvaux.Amixtureofcontinuousbutthinvegetationsupportingherdsoflargemammalsisonethatseemsplausibleandrealisticwiththeavailabledata.
1.Theword"
remnants"
inthepassageisclosestinmeaning
Oremains
Oevidence
Oresults
Oreminders
2.Theword"
domain"
inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
Ofieldofexpertise
Ochallenge
Ointerest
Oresponsibility
3.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueoftheBeringianlandscapeEXCEPT.
OTherewaslittlevegetation.
OThemammalspeciesthereallsurvivedintomodernversions.
OTheclimatewasdrierthanitistoday.
OThereweremountainswithglaciers.
4.Thepurposeofparagraph3isto
Ocontrasttoday’sBeringianlandscapewithotherlandscapesintheAmericancontinent
OdescribetheBeringianlandscapeduringthelasticeage
OexplainwhysomanyBeringianspeciesbecameextinctduringthelasticeage
OsummarizetheinformationaboutBeringiathathistoriansagreeon
5.Theword"
continuous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
Ounpredictable
Overycold
Odangerous
Ouninterrupted
Youenjoytheconvenienceofhavingallvocabularyquestionslistedasaseparatepartin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
OAccordingtobiologistDaleGuthrie,mammalspeciesrequirebroadareasofvegetationtosurvive.
ODaleGuthrieisanArcticbiologistwhoarguedthatbroadareasofdensevegetationweresurelyenoughtoattractmammalssuchasmammoth,horse,andbisontoBeringia.
ODaleGuthriearguedthatBeringia,thoughcoldanddry,musthavehadenoughdensevegetationtosupporttheherdsofmammoth,horse,andbisonthatlivedthere.
OAslongasBeringiawascoldanddry,arguedDaleGuthrie,densevegetationgrewinordertosupporttheherdsofmammoth,horse,andbison—themammalspeciespresentthere.
7.Accordingtoparagraph4,Guthriebelievesthattheteethofice-agefaunasupportwhichofthefollowingconclusions?
OLargemammalswouldnothavebeenabletosurviveintheBeringianlandscape.
OGrasslandswerepartoftheBeringianlandscape.
OStrongwindsexposeddrygrassesunderthesnow.
OHorsesandbisondidnothavetheabilitytosearchforfoodthroughdeepsnowcover..
8.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoftherelationshipbetweenice-ageBenngiananimalsandtheirenvironment?
OWhenpresentinsufficientquantities,lichensandmossesprovideenoughnutrientstosatisfytheneedsofherdsoflargemammals.
OTheanatomyofcertainanimalspresentinthatenvironmentprovidesinformationabouttheintensityofwindsthereatthattime.
OThestructureoftheteethofmostice-agefaunaindicatesthattheypreyedonanimalssuchasthemammoth,horse,andbison.
OHorsesandbisonarelargeenoughthattheirfeetcaneasilypenetratedeepsnowanduncoverareaswheretheycanfeedonplantmaterial.
9.Inparagraph5,theamountofpolleninBeringianlakesedimentsfromthelasticeageisusedtoexplain
Ohowlongtheiceagelasted
Ohowimportantpollenisasasourceoffood
Ohowmanydifferentkindsofplantsproducepollen
Ohowlittlevegetationmusthavebeenpresentatthattime
10.Accordingtoparagraph5,howdidDaleGuthrieusetheinformationaboutradiocarbonanalysisofbonesfromBenngiandeposits?
OTosuggestthatColinvauxshouldhaveuseddifferentmethodstomeasuretheamountofpolleninice-agelakesediments
OToarguethatthelargeBeringianmammalsmusthaveeatenplantsthatproducelittle,ifany,pollen
OToshowthattheconclusionsthatColinvauxdrewfromtheanalysisofpolleninice-agelakesedimentscannotbecorrect
OToexplainwhyso-calledpolardesertsareincapableofsupportingsuchlargeanimalsasmammoth,horse,andbison
11.Theword"
plausible"
Opreferable
Opractical
Oreasonable
Oadvantageous
12.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofparagraph6?
OTwocontrastingviewsarepresented,andastudythatcoulddecidebetweenthemisproposed
OAnargumentisoffered,andreasonsbothforandagainsttheargumentarepresented
OAclaimismade,andastudysupportingtheclaimisdescribed
ONewinformationispresented,andtheinformationisusedtoshowthattwocompetingexplanationscaneachbeseenascorrectinsomeway.
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Nevertheless,largeanimalsmanagedtosurviveinBeringia.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.
14.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Duringthelasticeage,humanhunterspursuedlargemammalsacrossBeringia,alandwhoseclimaticcharacteristicshavebeenindispute.
●
AnswerChoices
OStrongevidenceindicatesthatlargemammalslikemammothandbisonsurvivedintheharshice-ageBeringianlandscape.
OCarnivoressuchasthesaber-toothcatwereprimarilyresponsibleforthedisappearanceofthelargestofthegrazinganimals,buttheharshwinterscausedsomegrazerstodieofstarvation.
OThediscoverythatgrasses,sedges,andmossessurvivedunderthethickashfr