考研英语真题及参考答案.docx

考研英语真题及参考答案.docx

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考研英语真题及参考答案

2018考研英语

（二）真题及参考答案（完整版）

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文都教育

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?

Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowisstrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3.

Inaseriesofexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheWisconsinschoolofBusinesstestedstudents’willingnessto4themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?

Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.

Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwithpenswereelectrified;anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified.7leftaloneintheroom.Thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewthatwould8.Subsequentexperimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.

Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor11orshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicago.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct—itcan12newscientificadvances,forinstance—butsometimessuch13canbackfire.Theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.

Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however.Inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughonone’scuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor.Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,”Hseesays.Inotherwords,don’treadonlinecomments.

asthanofto

withontofrom

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.

Mr.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikeChain?

AsKoziatekknow,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.

Buthe’salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolinthefamilyofvocationaleducation“havethatstereotype...thatit’sforkidswhocan’tmakeitacademically,”hesays.

Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica’sisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewwantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.

Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall—andthesubtledevaluingofanythingless—missesanimportantpoint:

That’snottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomy,abachelor’sdegreeopensnow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skillonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.

Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspoliticalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostaren’tequippedtodo’sManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.

Koziatek’sschoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.

brokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’lackof.

training

ability

spirit

memorization

existstheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho.

astereotypedmind

nocareermotivation

financiallydisadvantaged

notacademicallysuccessful

caninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.

tohavemorejobopportunities

tohavebigfinancialconcerns

entitledtomoreeducationalprivileges

reluctanttoworkinmanufacturing

headlongpushintobachelorsdegreesforall.

createalotofmiddle-skilljobs

narrowthegapinworking-classjobs

theovervaluingofhighereducation

expectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce

author’sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcanbedescribedas.

Text2

Whilefossilfuels—coal，oil，gas—stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworld’senergysupply,it'sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandmovetorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld：

Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.

Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables，especiallywindandcostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.

InmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergyScotland，forexample，windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentoftherestoftheworldtakesthelead，notablyChinaandEurope，theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableMarch，forthefirsttime，windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS，reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.

PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels—especiallycoal—asthepathtoeconomicarecentspeechinIowa，hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergythatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa，wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestate’selectricitygeneration—andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.

Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’tbloworthesundoesn’tshine?

”hasprovidedaquickput-downforaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.

Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers，whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-poweredelectricelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.

Whilethere’salongwaytogo，thetrendlinesforrenewablesarepaceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup—perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimateWashingtondoes—ordoesn’tdo—topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.

word“plummeting”（Line3，）isclosestinmeaningto.

toParagraph3，theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.

progressingnotably

asextensiveasinEurope

manychallenges

provedtobeimpractical

canbelearnedthatinIowa,.

isawidelyusedenergysource

energyhasreplacedfossilfuels

giantsareinvestingincleanenergy

isashortageofcleanenergysupply

ofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6?

applicationhasboostedbatterystorage.

iscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.

continuoussupplyisbecomingareality.

sustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.

canbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy.

bringtheUSclosertoothercountries

accelerateglobalenvironmentalchange

notreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernment

notcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscost

Text3

Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing—AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor$，buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice，whichdoesn’thaveanyphysicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofitsusers’friendshipsandsociallives．

FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumberstoFacebookidentities，butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough．Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages，theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe．Whatpoliticaljournalist，whatpartywhip，wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaMay’senemiesarecurrentlyplotting?

ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.

Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower．Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,toberep