《英语词汇学》复习资料Word文档格式.docx

《英语词汇学》复习资料Word文档格式.docx

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　　ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

　　5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin

1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

　　1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）–naturalphenomena

　　mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelations

　　worldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimals

　　action，size，domain，state

　　numerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.

　　2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

　　e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–pastelectricity，machine，car，plane——now

　　3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer

　　4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

　　e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother

　　toremove

　　5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandothers

　　e.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgold

　　Non-basicvocabulary——

　　1.terminology–technicalterms

　　photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus

　　2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

　　Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid

　　3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

　　doughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，

　　Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

　　4.argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

　　can-opener，dip，persuader

　　cant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.

　　5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

　　beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog

　　6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

　　7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail

　　oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor

2）.Contentword（notionalword）–denoteclearnotions.

　　Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.

　　a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

　　Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

　　b.Contentwordsaregrowing.

　　Functionalwordsremainstable.

　　c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords，50000-60000

　　Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare

　　1.neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）

　　2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench，LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）

　　Borrowedwords（loanwords，borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing，wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

　　1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.

　　e.g.portfromportus（L）shift，change，shirt，porkcupfromcuppa（L）

　　2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

　　e.g.dé

cor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，statusquo

　　3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

　　1）.Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaning

　　e.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）

　　blackhumorfromhumornoir

　　longtimenosee，surplusvalue，masterpiece

　　2）.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound

　　e.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）　lamafromlama（Tib）　　ketchup　　tea

　　4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage

e.g.stupidolddump　　newsassy　　dreamoldjoyandpeace

pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork　　newamemberoftheyoungpioneer

　　fresholdimpertinent，sassy，cheeky

Chapter2

　　Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（Europe，theNearEast，India）

　　Balto–SlavicIndo-IranianItalicGermanic

　　PrussianPersianPortugueseNorwegian

　　LithuanianHindiSpanishIcelandie

　　PolishItalianDanish

　　BulgarianRoumanianSwedish

　　SlovenianFrenchEnglish

　　RussianGerman

　　AlbanianArmenianCelticHellenic

　　IrishGreek

　　Breton

　　Scottish

　　2.History（时间，历史事件，特征）

　　1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50，000-60，000words

　　The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic.

　　ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.

　　TheGermanictribescalledangles，SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage，Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.

　　Attheendof6thcentury，theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.

　　Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.

　　Inthe9thcentury，manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish，ourdailylifeandspeech.

　　特点：

highlyinflectedlanguage

　　complexendingsorvowelchanges（fullending）

　　2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）English，Latin，French

　　Until1066，althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin，theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

　　Bytheendofthe13thcentury，Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

　　Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.

　　Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.

fewerinflections

　　leveledending

　　3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）earlymodernEnglish（1500-1700）

　　latemodernEnglish（1700-uptonow）

　　TheRenaissance，LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

　　TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization，Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

　　AfterWorldWarII，manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas，inventionsandscientificachievements.

　　Morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

　　thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeenenteredtoexpressnewideasinventions，andscientificachievements.

　　morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

　　inmodernEnglish，wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptionsEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.

　　scienceandtechnologytermsmakeupabout45%ofnewwords.wordsassociatedwithlife-styleconstituteof24%andsocialandeconomictermsamounttoover10%.

　　mentionshouldbemadeofanoppositeprocessofdevelopmenti.e.oldwordsfallingoutifuse.

endingarealmostlost.

　　3.Threemainsourcesnewwords

　　1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

　　2.Social，economicandpoliticalchanges

　　3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

　　4.Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

　　1.Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials，namelyroots，affixesandotherelements.（Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.）

　　2.Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

　　3.Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）

　　4.（Revivingarchaicorobsolete）

　　French30%，Latin8%，JapaneseItalian7%，Spanish6%，GermanGreek5%，RussianYiddish4%

Chapter3

　　1.Morpheme——Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）

　　2.Morph——Amorphememustberealizedbydiscreteunits.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.

　　3.Monomorphenicwords–morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.

　　4.Allomorph——Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.Suchalternativemorphsareallomorphemes.E.g.themorphemeofplurality（-s）hasanumberifallomorphemesindifferentsoundcontext，e.g.incats/s/，inbags/z/，inmatches/iz/.

　　5.FreemorphemesorFreeroot——Themorphemeshavecompletemeaningand