行政管理公共管理论文中英文外文翻译文献.docx

行政管理公共管理论文中英文外文翻译文献.docx

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行政管理公共管理论文中英文外文翻译文献

中英文外文翻译文献

TheNewPublicManagementSituation

Nodoubt,manycountriesintheworld,andbothdevelopedcountriesanddevelopingcountries,inthelate1980sandearly1990sbeganacontinuouspublicsectormanagementreformmovement.Thereformmovementisstillinmanyaspectsgovernmentcontinuetotheorganizationandmanagementoftheinfluence.Peopleinthesereformsviewrepudiatingthem.CriticsespeciallyinBritainandtheUnitedStates,criticssaythenewmodeofvariousproblemsexist,butalsodoesnothavetheinternationalprevailingreformofpublicmanagement,couldnotbecalledparadigm.Criticismfromalmosteveryaspectofthechange.Mostoftheacademiccriticismbelongtothemouth.Differentschoolsofthoughtindetaildiscussion,Theacademicjournalarticlesandabstraction,fromreality.Atthesametime,inthepracticeofpublicmanagementandimplementationofthereformandthechange.AsIinotherarticlesinthethought,inmostcountries,thetraditionalpublicadministrativemodeforpublicmanagementmodehasbeenreplaced.Thereformofpublicdepartmentrespondedtotherealitiesofseveralinterrelatedproblems,including:

thefunctionofpublicsectorprovidepublicservicesoflowefficiency,Economictheoryofchange,Privatesectorrelatedchangesimpactofglobalization,especiallyasakindofeconomicpower,Technologychangesmadedecentralizationandbettercontrolgloballybecomespossible.Theadministrativemanagementcanbedividedintothreestages:

thedevelopmentofdistinctphases,andpublicadministrationbeforetraditionalpatternandpublicmanagementreformstage.Eachstagehasitsownmanagementmode.Fromastageoftransitiontothenextstageisnoteasy,fromthetraditionalpublicadministrationtopublicadministrationhasnotyetcompletedthetransition.Butitwasonlyamatteroftime.Becausethenewmodeoftheoreticalbasisisverystrong.Thenewpublicmanagementmovement","althoughthisname,butitisnotonlyadebateinthebooming,andinmostdevelopedcountrieshavetakenthebestmanagementmodeofexpression.Thetraditionaladministrativemodethanit'sageisagreatreform,butthattimehaspassed.

Atraditionalpattern

Obviously,inthelate19thcenturybureaucracysystemtheory,notsoundalreadyexistssomeformofadministrativemanagement.Publicadministrationhasalonghistory,anditistheconceptofagovernmentandtheriseofcivilizationashistory.AsthecaseGlad2denOsamabinladen（point）,amodelofadministrativesincethegovernmentappearshasexisted.Firstisendowedwithfounderorleader,thenisthesocialoradministrativepersontoorganizersofeternity.Administrationmanagementorbusinessisallinsocialactivities,althoughnotamongfactors,buttheglowofsocialsustainabledevelopmentisofvitalimportance.RecognizedadministrativesysteminancientEgyptisalreadyexists,itsjurisdictionfromtheNilefloodingcausedbytheyeartobuildthepyramidsirrigationaffairs.Chinaisadoptedinthehandynasty,Confuciannormsthatgovernmentshouldbeelected,notaccordingtothebackground,butaccordingtothecharacterandability,thegovernment'smaingoalistoseekthewelfareofthepeople.InEurope,variousempire-Greek,Roman,andtheholyRoman,Spain'sadministrativeempire,theyfirstbythecentralthroughvariousrulesandprocedures.Weber'sthought,"modern"medievalcountriesdevelopsimultaneouslywith"bureaucraticmanagementstructuredevelopment".Althoughthesecountriesindifferentways,buttheyhavecommonfeatures,itcanbecalledbeforemodern.Namely,theadministrativesystemofearlyessenceisthepersonificationof,ortheestablishmentinMaxWeber's"nepotism"basis,i.e.toloyaltothekingorministercertainhumanfoundation,notispersonified,Withallegiancetotheorganizationorindividualbasisratherthanforthefoundation.Althoughtherearesuchaviewpointthatadministrationitselfnotonlypraisefromtraditionalmode,thecharacteristicofearlybutoftenleadstoseekpersonalinterestscorruptionorabuseofpower.Intheearlyadministrativesystem,wenowfeelverystrangeapproachhasthefunctionsofgovernmentadministrationisgenerallybehavior.Allthosewhowalkofficialtendtorelyonfriendsorrelativesforworkorbuyofficer,whichmeansthemoneytobuythefirstofficerortaxofficials,andthenouttothecustomertomoney,whichisthefirsttobuyofficerrecoveryinvestmentcost,andcanmakeafortune.Americainthe19thcenturyFenFeisystemof"politicalparties"meansintherulingchangedatthesametime,thegovernmentofalladministrativepositionischanged.Modernbureaucracyisbefore"personal,traditional,diffusionandsimilarandspecial",andaccordingtotheargument,modernWeberbureaucracyis"impersonal,rational,concrete,achievementorientationandcommon".Personalizedgovernmentisofteninefficient:

nepotismmeansincompetentnotcapablepersonwasarrangedtopositionsofleadership,FenFeipoliticalcorruption,inadditiontomakingoftenstillexistseriouslowefficiency.Theenormoussuccessoftraditionaladministrativepatternthatearlypracticelooksstrange.Specializationandnotpoliticizedadministrativeinouropinionissodifficulttoimaginethattrace,thereexistothersystem.Westernadministrativesystemevensimpleselectionofofficialstopasstheexam,until1854,BritainandnorthG..M.TrevelyanreportafterNorthcote-begantoestablishinChina,althoughthesystemhaslongpassage.

Thetraditionalpublicadministrativepattern

Inthelate19thcentury,additionallyonekindofpatternontheworldpopular,thisistheso-calledtraditionaladministrativepattern.Itsmaintheoreticalbasisfromseveralcountries,namely,theAmericanscholarsandGermanyWoodrowWilsonofMaxWeber's,peopleputtheirassociatedwithbureaucracymodel,FrederickTylersystematicallyelaboratedthescientificmanagementtheory,thetheoryoftheprivatesectorfromAmerica,forpublicadministrationmethodwasprovided.Andtheothertheorists,Taylorwithoutfocusingonpublicsector,buthistheorywasinfluentialinthisfield.Thethreetraditionalpublicadministrationmodeistheoristofmaineffect.Inothercountries,plusG..M.TrevelyanandNorthAmerica,thestateadministrationofadministrativesystem,especiallytheWilsonhasproducedimportantinfluence.Inthe19thcentury,thenorthG..M.Trevelyanandputforwardthroughtheexaminationandcharacter,andappointedofficialsputforwardbiasandadministrativeneutralpointofview.Thetraditionaladministrativepatternhasthefollowingfeatures:

1.Thebureaucracy.Thegovernmentshall,accordingtotheprincipleofbureaucraticrankandorganization.TheGermansociologistMaxWeberbureaucracysystemofaclassic,andanalysis.Althoughthebureaucracyinbusinessorganizationsandothertissues,butitisinthepublicsectorgotbetterandlonger.

2.Thebestwayofworkingandproceduresareinfullmanualdetailcodes,foradministrativepersonneltofollow.Strictlyabidebytheseprincipleswillrunfortheorganizationprovidesthebestway.

3.Bureaucraticservice.Oncethegovernmentpolicyareasin,itwillbethroughthebureaucracytoprovidepublicproductsandserviceproviders.

4.Inpoliticalandadministrativetworelations,politicalandadministrativemanagersgenerallythinkofadministrativeaffairscanbeseparated.Administrationistheimplementinstruction,andanymatterpolicyorstrategicaffairsshallbedecidedbythepoliticalleaders,whichcanensurethatthedemocraticsystem.

5.Publicinterestsareassumedtoindividualcivilservants,theonlymotiveforpublicserviceisselflesspaying.

6.Professionalbureaucracy.Publicadministrationisviewedasakindofspecialactivities,thusrequirements,obscure,civilservantsneutralequalemploymentandlifelongservicetoanypoliticalleaders.

7.Theadministrativetaskistocarryoutthemeaningofthewritteninstructionsandnotothersassumethepersonalresponsibility.

Throughthecomparisonoftheearlyadministrativepattern,wecanbetterunderstandthemainadvantagesandWebbersystemdifferences.Webbersystemanditisthemostimportantmodeofvariousbeforethedifference:

therule-basedimpersonalsystemreplacedthepersonificationofadministrativemanagementsystem.Anorganizationanditsrulesthananyofthepeopleareimportantorganization.Bureaucracyisitsoperationandhowtorespondtocustomermustispersonified.AsWeberhasdemonstratedthatthemodernofficemanagement",willbeincorporatedintovariousregulationsdeeplytouchedit.Themodernpublicadministrationbylawtheory,tocommandcertainaffairsauthorityhasbeenawardedthelegitimatepublicauthority.Thisdoesnotgrantaninstitutionspecificcasesthroughsomeinstructions.Itonlymattersisabstractlycontrolsomeissues.Incontrast,throughpersonalprivilegesandgiveconcessionregulationofallaffairs.Thelatteriscompletelydominatedbythehereditarysystem,atleasttheseaffairsisnotthetraditionalinfringementisthissituation."

Itisveryimportant.Earlyadministrationbasedonpersonalrelationships,beloyaltorelatives,protect,leadersorpolitical,ratherthanonthesystem.Sometimes,theearlyadministrationispoliticallysensitive,becauseoftheadministrativeorgansofthestaffisappointed,theyalsopoliticiansarmsormainstreamclass.However,itisoftenautocratic,autocraticadministrationmaybeunfair,especiallyforthosewhocan'torunwillingtoinputpersonalandpoliticalgame.Oneofthebasicprinciplesforwithweberimpersonalsystemtocompletelyeliminateautocratic-atleastinidealconditi