英语中国文化翻译.docx
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英语中国文化翻译
英语中国文化翻译
文房四宝
Thewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”.ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty（221BC-206BC）,peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty（206BC-220AD）,man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritngsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty（960AD-1279AD）,the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhejiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuanpaper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhaoqing,Guangdongprovince（ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou）.Indeed,the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittenthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.
笔墨纸砚是中国古时文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。
用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。
秦（前221—前206）时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前206—公元220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。
文房四宝”到宋朝（960—1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣纸（安徽宣州）、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）。
可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
对联
Theantitheticalcouplet（alsocalledduilian）isalsoknownasyinglianorduizi.Anantitheticalcoupletisakindofnationalwritingstyle,whichiscomposedbytheskillfulmanipulationofthecharacteristicoftheChineselanguagethatonecharactercorrespondswithonesyllable.Thephilosophicaloriginandnationalculturalpsychologyoftheantitheticalcoupletarethenotionofyin-yangdualityaccordingtowhichtheChineserecognizeandmasterthings.Thefeatureoftheantitheticalcoupletisan“antithesis”:
equalcharacters,thesamepartofspeech,thelevelandobliquefittingwitheachother,thecontentsbeingrelated,andtherhythmscorresponding.Therearemanytypesofantitheticalcouplets,suchasSpringFestivalcouplets,marriagecouplets,birthdaycouplets,elegiaccouplets,andantitheticalcoupletsabouttea,etc.
对联又称楹联或对子，是依中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。
中国对联的哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。
对联的特征是“对仗”：
字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。
对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。
中国道教
TaoismfirstoriginatedinChina.ThefounderofTaoismisLaozi,aphilosopherandthinkerwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod（770BC-476BC）.TaoTeChing,whoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobethemainTaoistclassic.Taoismadvocatesthevalueofahumanbeing’slife,recommendsthediscardingofalldesiresandworriesfromone'smind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.ThefollowingisanexampleofLaozi’sgoldensayings:
Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromthenamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;Thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,"onlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences";Hethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutcomes.
道教是中国土生土长的宗教。
创始人是春秋（前770—前476）末期的哲学家、思想家老子。
道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。
道教主张“重人贵生”，崇尚清静无为、修身养性。
“道可道，非常道。
名可名，非常名。
无名天地之始；有名万物之母。
故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。
Chineseidioms
Chineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi（makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself）,qingchuyulan（bluerthanindigo）,andhoujibofa（successcomeswithtimeandeffort）.Idiomsareextractedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.
中国成语
成语是汉语中意义完整地表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。
“成语”中的“成”即是约定俗成。
成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。
绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：
自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。
成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
TraditionalChinesefestivals
TraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1stonlunarcalendarhasbeendesignatedastheSpringFestival（generallyreferredtoasguonian）.ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeothersignificantChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-seventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChina’scohesionandvitality.
中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。
农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。
其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。
各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。
农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。
农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。
Chineseteaculture
AsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties（618AD-1279AD）.Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,oil,salt,soysauceandvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandthehumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,comprehendthetruth,andelevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.
茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618—1279）。
开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。
茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。
中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。
ThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdonewithabrushdippedintoblackorcoloredinkandispaintedonsilkorxuanpaper.InancientChina,itwascalled“ink-painting”.InordertodistinguishitfromWesternoil-paintings,theChinesepeopletermtheirworks“traditionalChinesepainting”（abbreviatedto“Chinesepainting”）.ThesubjectmattersofChinesepaintingsaretypicallyfigures,landscapes,birdsandflowers.ThedrawingskillsandtechniquesemployedbytheChinesepainterscanbedividedintotwoforms:
finebrushworkandfree-handbrushwork.Theartisticcharacteristicsliein“thewritingbrushandink”.Chinesepaintingemphasizesusingtheshapetoconveythefeelingsofthepainter.Eventhoughapaintingisafinishedproduct,itendlesslyconveysameaning.Intermsoftheartisticcreation,traditionalChinesepaintingisareflectionoftheaestheticconsciousnessandartisticsentimentoftheChinesepeople.
中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指中国画。
其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。
为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。
其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。
技法可分为工笔和写意。
国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。
国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。
Chinaisthehomeofwineandspirits.Thefunctionsofwineandspiritswereclassifiedbytheancientsintothreekinds:
treatingpatients,keepingingoodhealth,andshowingpolitenessandrespecttoothers.China’swineandspiritscultureisanimportantpartofChinesefoodculture,anditembodiesitsvaluesinmanyaspects,suchasinsocialandpoliticallife,literatureandart,lifephilosophies,aestheticsandsoon.Thereisanoldsayingwhichgoes,“Itisnotabanquetwithoutwine”.UnderthecustomofhavingdinnertogetherinChina,drinkinggameswerethereforeintroduced.Therearemanykindsofbanquetbettinganddrinkinggames,likemorra（afinger-guessinggame）,wine/spiritswords,wine/spiritschips（adrinkinggame）,allwithrichculturalconnotations.Inreality,itisdifficulttowinunlessyouhaveacardupyoursleeve.
中国是酒的故乡。
古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。
酒文化是中华饮食文化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。
无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。
宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应对。
ChinesegrottoesmainlyreflecttheartofBuddhistculture.InChina,therearefourmajorartlandscapesofgrottoes:
theMogaoGrottoesatDunhuang,theYungangGrottoesatDatong,theLongmenGrottoesatLuoyang,andtheMaijishanGrottoesatTianshui.Carvedandpaintedonmountains,theBuddhistgrottoesminglebothsublimityandsecularfeelingstogether,presentingusavividandnaturalappearance.Theyembodythesystematiccombinationofboththeexceptionalartistryofgreatnatureandtheextremelyfinecraftsmanshipofmankind.TheChineseBuddhistgrottoesareregardedasaprofoundandstunninggeneralartgallery,whicharecomposedofarchitecture,painting,sculptures,etc.TheartisticachievementsofChinesegrottoeshaveattractedtheattentionoftheworld,andhavebecomeimportantinternationalculturalheritage.
中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。
敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。
佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。
其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。
Chineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fictionandci（newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes）,fu（“descriptivepoems”ofprose-poetry）,qu（afreerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias）,andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureare“RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,”“Water
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