自考语言与文化精讲.docx

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自考语言与文化精讲.docx

自考语言与文化精讲

2010年自考语言与文化串讲1

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Chapter1. Language,CultureandThought.

(Language,cultureandthoughtinteract,eachinfluencingandshapingtheothers.)

1.      PropertiesofLanguage(systematic[itisrulegoverned]+arbitrary[nologicalrelationshipbetweenwordsandtheobjects,actionsandconceptsthesewordsareusedtoreferto;onomatopoeicwordsandcompoundsarenotarbitrary]+symbolic[languageexpressaresymbols]+vocal+uniquelyhuman+forcommunication[itistheprimaryfunctionoflanguage]+understandanddescribetheworld+carrierandcontainerofculturalinformation)

2.      Definitionsandpropertiesofculture

           Definitionsofculture(canbedefinedasattributesofmanorlifewayofapopulation)

 Cultureinitsbroadsense(itistheattributesofman.1.marterialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds;2.socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished;3.knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment;languageandothercommunicationsystes;5.customs,habitsandbehaviouralpatterns;6.valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.Cultureinitsbroadsenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”or“academicculture”)

           Cultureinitsnarrowsense(iscalled“smallcculture”or“”anthropologicalculture,includesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customsandothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofasociety)

           Propertiesofculture(cultureishumanspecific;cultureisasocialphenomenon;cultureisanationalphenomenon;cultureisalsoahistoricalphenomenon.Cultureisgeneralandabstract.)

           odelsfortheanalysisofculture(keyquestion;[itisimporttohavekeyquestionsinmindwhenobservingandstudyingculture.Ithelppromotesystematicobservation.];thethematicmodel;[heemphasizesthreeculturalelements:

values,traitsandworldviews.];sevenfacets[apatternedactivity;theappropriatenessofsuchanactivity;theparticularsubject,thedoer,theobjecttowardwhichthebehaviourisdirected,therecipientofthebehavior;ofthebehavior;somemeansexternaltoboththesubjectandobjectofthebehaviour;thepurposeoftheactivity;theresultoftheactivity.](一系列活动;活动的适当性;活动的详细主题,实行者;活动实行的外部手段;指导主体与客体,活动的目的;活动的结果。

))

3.      Relationshipbetweenlanguage,cultureandthought.

           Relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought(languageispartofculture(knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customsandothercapabilitiesandhabits.),languageisthecarrierandcontaineroftheculture.[humanknowledgeandexperiencearedescribedandstoredinlanguage.];asamirrorofculturelanguageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.SuchasEskimo’ssnowworldandcameltotheArab;languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture;languageandcultureiscloselyrelated,eachinfluencingandshapingtheother.Alanguagecanneverbelearnedinaculturalvacuumandcultureislearnedthroughlanguage)

           Thought(thoughtisthefunctionandproductofthehumanbrain;thoughtalsoreferstopatternsofideascharacteristicofasocialgroup.)

           Relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought(languageisaninstrumentusedinthecommunicationofthought.[withoutlanguagethoughtwouldhavenoform.Andothersbelievethatideascanexistwithoutlanguage];languageiscloselyrelatedtothinking;languagerepresentsthought,itisinfluencedandshapedbythought;languageisusedforconveyingideas,soitsstructureandfunctionmustreflecttheseideas;languagealsoexertsstronginfluenceonthought.)Concludingremarksontherelationshipbetweenlanguage,thoughtandculture.

(1)relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

 languageispartofculture

 languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture,asamirrorofculture,languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.

 Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture,languageandcultureiscloselyrelated,eachinfluencingandshapingtheother.

(2)relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought

languageisoninstrumentusedinthecommunicationofthought.

Languageiscloselyrelatedtothinking

Sincelanguagerepresentsthought,itisinfluencedandshapedbythought.

Languageisusedforconveyingideas,soitsstructureandfunctionmustreflectthereideas,languagealsoexertsstronginfluenceonthought.

4.      interculturalcommunication(itisabranchofcommunication,itdrawstheories,concepts,andmethods,culturalanthropology,journalism,philosophy,history,ethnography,andinternationalrelations.Itisconcernedwithcommunicationamongthepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackground.)

5.      Exercise

2010年自考语言与文化串讲2

中华考试网()  【大中小】  [2010年9月3日]

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Chapter2.WordsandMeaning

  1.Whatarewordsandmeaning?

Word(itisintuitivelyrecognizablearebasicunitsofmeaning.)

Meaning(wordsrepresentmeaning.Itisincludedconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.)

ConceptualMeaning(概念)(isthebasicmeaningpresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits.)

Associativemeaningincludedthecontentsasfollow:

Connotativemeaning(内涵意义):

(isthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Suchas“women”)

Socialmeaning(社会意义):

itiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Suchas“residence”and“domicile”)

Affectivemeaning(情感意义):

iscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage

Reflectedmeaning(影射含义):

itisarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning.Whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Suchas“theComforter”and“theHolyGhost”areallrefertotheGod.

Collocativemeaning(配置意义):

itisconsistsofassociationsawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit.

Thematicmeaning(专题意义):

itiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesamessage,intermsofordering,focus,oremphasis.Suchasactivesentencesandpassivemeaning.

  2.Wordsandconceptualmeaning

2.1Wordsandculture-specificconceptualmeaning

 2.1.1Wordsandgeography

 TheUnitedStatesofAmerica   美利坚合众国

 TheMississippi              蜜西西河

 Superior                    苏必利尔湖

 NiagaraFalls                尼亚加拉大瀑布

 RockyMountains            落矶水脉

 Washington                 华盛顿

 Poke                       美洲商陆(植物名)

 Terrapin                    北美泥龟

 TheUnitedKingdomofGreat   大不列颠及北爱尔兰

 BritainandNorthernIreland     联合王国

 TheThames                 泰晤士河

 TheChannel                 英吉利海峡

 England                    英格兰

 London                     伦敦

 TheCommonwealthofAustralia 澳大利亚联邦

 NewSouthWales             新南威尔士

 GreatBarrierReef            大保礁

  GreatVictoriaDesert          大维多利亚沙漠

 Canberra                   勘培拉

 Koala                      考拉熊

 Kangaroo                   袋鼠

 2.1.2Wordsandhistory

TheMayFlower(五月花)

 TheRevolutionaryWarorWarofIndependence(独立战争)

 ContinentalCongress(大陆会议)

 EmancipationProclamation(解放宣言)

 HomesteadAct(宅地法案)

 Scalp(剥带发头皮)

 Lynch(私刑)

 Cowboy(牛仔)

 Hippie(嬉皮士)

 Duke(公爵)

 Knight(骑士)

 GloriousRevolution(光荣革命)

 Castle(城堡)

 Fort(要塞或堡垒式的贸易站)

 2.1.3WordsandPolitics

 UnitedStates

 President(总统)

 Congress(国会)

 SupremeCourt(高级法院)

 DemocraticParty(美国民主党)

 RepublicanParty(美国共和党)

 Britain

Queen(女王)

 PrimeMinister(首相)

 Parliament(议会)

 LabourParty(工党)

 ConservativeParty(保守党)

 Governor-General(总督)

 2.1.4WordsandChristianity

 Trinity(三位一体)

 Bible(圣经)

 Catholic(天主教)

 OrthodoxEasternChurch(东正教)

 Reformation(宗教改革)

 Protestant(新教徒)

 Puritan(清教徒)

 Mass(弥撒)

 2.1.5WordsandHolidays

Christmasbox(圣诞节礼)

 ChristmasCard(圣诞贺卡)

 Christmastree(圣诞树)

 Christmaspudding(圣诞布丁)

 Christmasrose(圣诞玫瑰)

 Christmastide(圣诞节节期)

 ThanksgivingDay(感恩节)

 BoxingDay(节礼日)

 Easter(复活节)

 St.Valentine’sDay(情人节)

 AprilFool’sDay(愚人节)

 AnzacDay(新澳军团日)

 2.1.6Wordsandlivingstyles

 Hotdog(热狗)

 Hamburger(汉堡包)

 Sandwich(三明治)

  Pudding(布丁)

 Salad(沙拉)

 Whisky(威士忌)

 Cocktail(鸡尾酒)

 Drive-ins汽车的

 Diners(用餐)

Baseball(垒球)

Rugby(橄榄球)

Hockey(曲棍球)

Waterskiing(滑水)

Polo(马球)

Golf(高尔夫球)

Striptease(脱衣舞)

Lovestore(色情商店)

X-ratedsexploitationmovies()

Late-lateTVshows

2.2EnglishwordsthatcorrespondpartiallyinconceptualmeaningwiththeirtranslationequivalentsinChinese.

Intellectuals(知识分子)

Socialsciences(社会科学)

AYard(院子)QuadrangleCourtyards(四合院)

Drugstore(AE)Chemist’sshop(BE)(药店)

Grandfather

Grandmother

Father

Father-in-law

Mother-in-law

Brother

Sister

Son

Daughter

Grandson

Granddaughter

Uncle

Aunt

Nephew

Niece

Cousin

Chauvinistpig:

大男子主义

Dude,athlete,macho,stud,hunk,DonJuan,playboy,egotistfattybagger:

装酷,受女性欢迎的,自我中心主义者.

Turkey,nerd,jerk,prick,bastard,pimp,skinhead,redneckdog:

令人讨厌的,古怪的

Wimp,sissy,homosexual,queer,gay,hippie:

奇怪的,同性恋者.

Couchwarmer:

Ladies’man

Man,boy,guy,fellow,gentleman,boyfriend,fiancé,lover,sweetheart:

指男性的

2.3EnglishwordsandwhatmaybemistakenfortheirequivalentsinChinese.

Greenhouse(温室)

Busywork(耗时而无价值的工作)

Busman’sholiday(消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日)

Busybody(爱管闲事的人)

Housewarming(乔迁之喜)

Donkeywork(单调的日常工作)

Policeaction(维和行动)

Lowboy(矮脚抽屉柜)

Freelove(公开同居)

FirstLady(第一夫人)

Highschool(中学)

Restroom(公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所)

Equalitarianismoregalitarianism(平均主义)

Lover(情人)

Disinterested(公正的,不偏不倚的)

Cooker(炊事用具)

Wester(西风)

2.4Words,conceptualmeaningandwordformation

Generalterms

Termsofmale

Termsoffemale

Termsforyoung

鸡chicken

公鸡cock

母鸡hen

小鸡chick

鸭duck

公鸭drake

母鸭duck

小鸭duckling

鹅goose

公鹅gander

母鹅goose

小鹅gosling

马horse

公马stallion

母马mare

小马foal

牛cattle,cow

公牛bull

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