英语跨文化交际考试资料总结.docx

英语跨文化交际考试资料总结.docx

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英语跨文化交际考试资料总结

一、Culture（重要）

Easterncultures:

 EasternculturesgenerallyincludeAsianculturesaswellasIsraeliteandtheArabworld.ButheretheemphasisisplacedonChinese,JapaneseandArabiancultures,esp.Chineseculture.

Westerncultures:

 Normally,mostEuropeancountriesandNorthAmericanaswellasAustraliaandNewZealandbelongtoWesternCultures. 

DirectnessandIndirectness:

 Culturalbeliefsdifferastowhetherdirectnessorindirectnessisconsideredpositive.Insomecultures,peoplefavordirectinsteadofindirectcommunicationstylewhilethosefromotherculturespreferindirectnessincommunication.Soitisnotsurprisingthatmisunderstandingmightoccurininterculturalcommunicationbasedondifferentbeliefsaboutdirectnessandindirectness.

Directness:

 Insomecountries,likethemainstreamAmericanculture,beingdirectratherthanindirectisconsideredtheidealformofcommunicationstyle,forthereisanimportantbeliefthat“honestyisthebestpolicy”.ThereareseveralexpressionsinEnglishthatemphasizetheimportanceofbeingdirect:

“Gettothepoint （直说） !

 Don’tbeataroundthebush（绕弯子）!

 Let’sgetdowntothebusiness（言归正传,说正经的）!

”  SincedirectnessisstronglyrelatedwithhonestyincommunicationinAmerica,Americansmayjudgemembersofotherculturesthatvalueindirectnessasnotbeingassertive （果断的） enough.Tothem,thesepeopleseemtobe“ beatingaroundthebush”,andtheyare“playinggames”（deceiving欺骗）. 

Indirectness:

 In othercultures,suchassomeAsiancountriesaswellassomeLatinAmericancountries,peoplevalueindirectnessincommunication.Theytrynottohurt,embarrassorshametheotherswhilegivingcriticism,makingrequestsandexpressingopinions.Inotherwords,withthefacevalue,theywouldtrytomaintainharmonybysavingtheother’sfaceandnottocausehimorherto“loseface”.InChina,forexample,themostcommonexpressionwhenofferingopinionsoradvicewillbequiteindirect:

 “希望…会更好…”  （…hopethat…willbebetter）whichimpliesthatsomeoneelsedoeshavesomeweaknessincertainwaysandneedstobeimproved;quitedifferentfromtheEnglishwaysofspeaking.Therefore,thelistenerorthereceivermightnotfeeltooembarrassedandexperience“losingface”.Thus,tomanyChinesepeople,someAmericanssoundtooimpoliteorrudebydirectlygivingcriticismwithoutconsideringtheother’sface.

Whatisinterculturalcommunication?

Interculturalcommunicationusuallyreferstocommunicationbetweenpersonswithdifferentculturalbackgrounds.However,interculturalcommunicationcanalsorefertocommunicationbetweenpersonsofthesameculturalgroupbutwithdifferencesinpersonality.

Samovar&Porter

Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

Interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.

ElementsofInterculturalCommunication

1.Perceptions认知

•beliefs,values,attitudes,worldviews,socialorganizations

2.Verbalprocesses言语过程

•thewaysinwhichculturesemploysymbolstoportraythingsandexperiences

3.Nonverbalprocesses非言语过程

•sharethoughtsandfeelingsbywayofbodilybehavior,timeandspace

4.Contextualelements情境因素

business,educationandhealthcare,tourismandpersonalrelationships

Whatisculture?

Porter&Samovar

Cultureisthedeposit（沉淀物）ofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.Aculturecanalsobeunderstoodasaparticularwaytosatisfyourhumanneeds.

LinellDavis

•Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.

二、Some Common Manners in the West

Itisagreathelpforthepersonwhoislearningaforeignlanguagetoknowsomecustomsandmannersforthepeoplewhospeaksit,becausethelanguageisverycloselyassociatedwiththem.Iwilltellyousomecommonwesternmanners.

1.MeetingandGreetingPeople

1）Greeting

Thesimplestthingtosayis"Goodmorning,""Goodafternoon'"or"goodevening."Thisgreetingisgiventoonewhomyouknowonlyslightly,ortoanyoneyouarepassingquickly."Howareyou"isusuallyusedwhenyouarenotinsuchahurry.Noanswerisexpectedotherthan"Fine,thankyou.""hello'isthecommonestformofgreetingbetweengoodfriends. 

2）WhenaManRaisesHisHat

Ifyouarewearingahatwhichcanbetakenboldofeasily,itiscustomarytoraiseitslightlyoffyourheadwhenyougreetagirlorawoman.

3）WhentoShakeHands

Itiscustomarytoshakehandswhenyoufirstmeetsomeone.Andusuallyfriendsshakehandswhentheymeetafternothavingseeneachotherforsometime.Howeveritisnotnecessarytoshakehands.

4）Usetheperson'sName

Itisalwaysgoodformtousethenameofthepersonyouaregreeting.Youmightsay,"GoodMorning,Mr.Moncrieff"or"Hello,Franklin.,"Aperson'ssurnameshouldbeusedunlessheisgoodfriendorschool-mate.

2.Introduction

1）HowtoIntroducePeople

Inintroducingtwopeople,thegeneralruleis:

Introduceotherpeopletothepersonyouwishtohonor.TheoldarehonoredintheWestasinChina.WomenhavebeenhonouredintheWestsincethedaysofknighthood（骑士时代）.

2）RisingatIntroduction 

Amanalwaysriseforanintroduction,exceptthatitissometimesallrightforanelderlymantoremainseatedwhenayoungmanisintroducedtohim.Thehostessalwaysrisesforanintroduction.

3）IntroducingYourself

Ifyouwanttomeetsomeone,itisbettertoaskafriendwhoknowhimtointroduceyou.Butsometimesatameetingorgatheringitisallrighttointroduceyourselftoafellow-student,ortooneofthesamesexandposition.

3.Invitation

1）YouMustReplytoanInvitation

 ForeigncustomismuchmorestrictthanChinesecustominthematterofreplyingtoinvitations.Whenyoureceiveaninvitationyoushouldansweritimmediately,sayingdefinitelywhetheryouareabletoacceptitornot.

2）WrittenorVerbalReply

Iftheinvitationisgivenbywordofmouth,inconversationoratachancemeeting,youshouldansweratoncewhetheryoucancomeornot.Ifyoucannotgiveanansweratthattime,youmaysay,"MayIletyouknowthisevening?

"Orsomesuchwords.

4.IntheHome

1）TheRightTimetoArrive

Wheninvitedtoluncheon,dinner,orsupper,itisveryimpolitetoarrivelate,asitisusuallyplannedtohavethemealattheexacthourgivenintheinvitation.

2）Inarrival

Whenyouarrive,thehostessorsomememberofthefamilywillprobablymeetyouatthedoorandtakeyourcoatandhat.Inthewintertimeyoushoulddressmorelightlythanusually,asyoumayexpecttheroomstobewarmerthaninmostChinesehomes.

3）Inafewminutesthehostesswillaskhergueststocomeintodinner.Shemayormaynotaskeachgentlemantotakealadyin.Ifshedoes,theladywilltakethegentleman'sarmastheywalkintothedinningroom.Ifshedoesnot,theladieswillgoinfirst,followedbythegentlemen.Thehostesswilleitherpointouttheirseatstotheguestsastheycomeinorhave aplacecardateachplacewiththeguestsnameonit. 

4）HowLongtoStay

Afterthemealisoveritisnotpolitetoleaveforatleasthalfanhour,lestyouseemtohavecomeonlyforthemeal.Aneveningdinnerinvitationusuallyimpliesthatyoustayforthewholeevening.Thehostessoftenplanssomeafter-dinnerentertainment.

5）WhattoSayonLeaving

Whenleavinganykindofaparty,aguestalwaysexpresseshisappreciationtothehostess.Somesuchwordsastheseareappropriate."Thankyousomuch.I'vehadadelightevening."

5.TableManners

1）Assoonasthehostesspicksuphernapkin（餐巾）,pickyoursupandlayitonyourlap.Sometimesarollofbreadiswrappedinit;ifso,tokeitourandputitonyoursideplate.

2）TheSoupCourse

Dinnerusuallybeginswithsoup.Thelargestspoonatyourplaceisthesoupspoon.Itwillbebesideyourplateattheright-handside.

3）TheFishCourse

Ifthereisafishcourse,itwillprobablyfollowthesoup.Theremaybeaspecialforkforthefish,oritmaybesimilartothemeatfork.Oftenitissmaller.

4）TheMeatCourse

ThemainCourseisusuallyservedbythehosthimself,especiallyifitisafowl（鸡禽）oraroastwhichneedtobecarved.Hewilloftenaskeachguestwhatpieceheprefers,anditisquitepropertostateyourpreferenceastoleanorfat,dark（红肉）orlight（白肉）.

5）UsingKnifeandFork

IfyouhaveEnglishandAmericanfriendsyouwillnoticeafewdifferencesintheircustomsofeating.Forthemainormeatcurse,theEnglishkeeptheforkinthelefthand,pointcurveddownward,andbringthefoodtothemoutheitherbystickingthepointsontoitorinthecaseofsoftvegetables,byplacingitfirmlyontheforkinthispositionwiththeknife.Americanscarvethemeatinthesameposition,thenlaydowntheknifeandtakingtheforkintherighthandwiththepointturnedup,pushitunderasmallpieceoffoodwithoutthehelpoftheknifeandbringittothemothright-side-up.

6）HelpingYourselfandRefusing

Ifaservantpassesfoodaround,hewillpassthedishinatyourlefthandsothatyoucanconvenientlyserveyourselfwithyourrighthand.Neverserveyourselfwhilethedishisonyourright;itisthentheturnofyourneighborontheright.Itispolitetotakesomeofeverythingthatispassedtoyou.B