浅析英汉语言对比分析.docx
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浅析英汉语言对比分析
ContrastiveStudyBetweenEnglishandChinese
Abstract
Thelanguagesindifferentcountriesandnationshavetheirownculturalbackgroundandthinkingmode.ForChinesestudents,contrastivestudycanhelpthemknowthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,thushavingadeeprecognitionoftheimportanceofcontrastivestudy.
Intranslation,thedifferencesintheculturalbackgroundandthinkingmodeleadtothetranslationdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,especiallyinthelanguageorderaspectwhichmakesitdifficulttocommunicatewitheachlanguage.
Languageorderisthewordandphrasearrangementwhichisrelatedwiththeunitofwords.EnglishandChinesedifferfromtheorigin,andduetothedifferencesinthethinkingways,theyseemtoexpressthesamethinginthedifferentway.SoitismeaningfultohavearesearchonthesubjectoflanguageorderinEnglishandChinesetranslation.
KeyWords:
Comparison；Cultureandcustom；Culturalbackground；Thinkingmodel
浅析英汉语言对比分析
摘要
不同的国家和民族的语言表现出的文化背景和思维模式都有所不同。
对学习英语的中国学生来说，通过英汉语言的对比，可以使其认识到英语和汉语的差别，从而对英语学习能够有更深刻的认识。
在英汉语言的翻译工作中，正是由于不同国家和民族语言的文化背景和思维方式的不同才导致了翻译上的种种差别，尤其在语言组织的顺序中体现得淋漓尽致。
这种差异给语言之间的沟通与交流带来了巨大的障碍，所以英汉翻译中的语序问题研究就显得意义重大。
语序是指句子成分的排列次序,它体现了词语之间的关系。
英汉两种语言源自不同的语系,由于汉族和英语的民族思维方式不同,对同一客观事实就有着不同的语言表达顺序,因而有必要对英语和汉语的词序及其各种变化方式进行分析与研究。
关键词：
英汉对比;文化风俗;文化背景;思维方式
CONTENTS
CHEPTERⅠINTRODUCTION1
CHEPTERⅡLITERATUREREVIEW2
2.1TheDefinitionOfContrastiveStudy2
2.2TheProcessoftheDevelopmentofContrastiveStudyinChina3
CHEPTERⅢTHESIGNIFICANCEOFCONTRASTIVESTUDY7
3.1HelpingLearnersFindtheFocusofStudy7
3.1.1FocusonDifferencesinLinguisticAspect8
3.1.2FocusonDifferencesinCulturalAspect9
3.2HelpingLearnersAvoidChinglish10
3.2.1AvoidingLinguisticChinglish11
3.2.1.1AvoidingWrongWordFormation11
3.2.1.2AvoidingWrongMatchingofWords13
3.2.1.3AvoidingWrongUseofIdiom14
3.2.2AvoidingCulturalChinglish16
3.3HelpingLearnersImproveTheirTranslationSkills17
3.3.1LinguisticSkills17
3.3.1.1DifferencesinWordOrder18
3.3.1.2DifferencesinSentenceStructure19
3.3.1.3DifferencesinParagraphStructure20
3.3.2CulturalSkills21
CHEPTERⅣCONCLUSION22
REFERENCES23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS24
CHEPTERⅠINTRODUCTION
SomeAmericanscholarsdevelopedanideathatmostofthedifficultiesinforeignlanguagestudyspringfromdisturbanceofthemotherlanguage.Ifthemotherlanguageandaforeignlanguagearedifferent,theformerwilldisturbthelearningofthelater.However,whentheyarethesame,theformerwillhelpthelearningofthelater.Itiscalled“languagetransfer”.Languagetransferispositivewhenthetwolanguageshavemuchincommon,andwillbenegativewhentheyaredifferent,whicharecalledpositivetransferandnegativetransfer.Intheiropinionlanguagelearnersshouldpayattentiontothedifferencescausedbynegativetransfer.
Thepurposeofcontrastivestudyistopromotingpositivetransferbycontrastingthecharacteristicsofthetwolanguages.Intheprocessoflanguagestudyweoftenfindthatiftheforeignlanguageisfamiliarwiththemotherlanguage,itwillbeeasytostudy.TakeKoreanandChineseforexample,therearealotofwordshavingthesamepronunciation,soChinesepeoplewillfinditeasytostudyKorean.Onthecontrary,ifthetwolanguagesaredifferent,thestudywillbedifficult.ForEnglishlearners,it’sagoodwaytodocontrastiveanalysisbetweenEnglishandChinesetohelplearnEnglishwell.
ContrastivestudywillmakeEnglishlearnersknowthecharacteristicsofthetwolanguages.Thecontrastwilltelluswhatshouldbefocusedonandinwhatwaythenegativetransfercouldbeavoided.ChineselearnersofEnglishneedtoknowhowtoavoidChinglishandhowtoimprovetheirskills,especiallytranslationskills.Theyshouldmakecontrastiveanalysisonwordsformation,wordsmatching,wordorder,sentencestructure,paragraphstructureandculture.ThuswecanseethesignificanceofcontrastiveEnglishonEnglishstudy.
CHEPTERⅡLITERATUREREVIEWON
CONTRASTIVESTUDY
ContrastivestudybetweenEnglishandChinesehasdevelopedformanyyears,buttherearestillsomanypeoplewhodon’trealizethesignificanceofcontrastivestudy,eventheydon’tknowwhatcontrastivestudyis.AsaEnglishmajor,IwanttoimproveEnglishlevel,for10yearsofEnglishstudy,I’vefoundEnglishisnotasdifficultasIimagined,maybethereasonisthatIlikebothEnglishandChinese.Engelssaid,“Youcouldknowyourownlanguageonlyifyoucompareditwithotherlanguages.”1So,whenwelearnalanguage,weshouldcompareitwithourownlanguages,thushavingdeeprecognitionofthecharacteristicsofthetowlanguages.Ifwedoso,wecanimproveourstudyefficiency.
InChina,somanylinguistsdolotsofstudyoncontrastivestudy,andbaseitontheirstudy,IdoaliteraturereviewoncontrastivestudybetweenEnglishandChinesebeforeIwritemypaper,thisliteraturereviewincludes:
1）Thedefinitionofcontrastivestudy
2）TheprocessofthedevelopmentofcontrastivestudyinChina
Iwanttousethisliteraturereviewtoshowthedevelopmentofcontrastivestudy,IhopemoreandmoreEnglishlearnerswouldrealizethesignificanceofContrastivestudy
2.1TheDefinitionOfContrastiveStudy
ThefamouslinguistLvShuxiangsaid,“ContrastivestudymeanspayingattentiontothedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese…”MrXuYulongmadeadefinitionofContrastivestudylikethis:
ContrastivestudyisabranchofContrastivelinguistics,thepurposeistoanalyzeandcomparethetwolanguages,todescribethedifferencesandthecommonground,especiallytheirdifferences,andusethisseriesoftheorytosolveproblemsinotherfields.
Contrastivestudyisabranchoflinguistics,ithasthecharacteristicsoftheoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics,themaintaskistodocomparativestudy,todescribeandexplainthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,andtousethisseriesoftheorytosolveproblemsinotherfields.
2.2TheProcessoftheDevelopmentofContrastiveStudyinChina
ThetheoryofContrastivestudywasestablishedinChinaafter1990s.BeforethecontrastiveEnglish,therewasanothertheoryChineseCulturalLinguistics,theresearcherswereadvocatedtoputtheanalysisofvocabularyintotheculturalbackgroundtoanalyzethevocabulary’sculturalfunction.AnalysisofChineseCulturalLinguisticswasafoundationtothecontrastiveEnglishinChina.Thefamouslinguists,LuShuxiang,XuYulong,YangZijianandPanWenguoetc,havealwaysbeencalledontodosomeresearchoncontrastiveEnglishfromamacroview.
Althoughthefamouslinguists,ZhaoYuanren,WangLiandLuShuxiangandGaoMingkaietc,hasalwayscalledonEnglishlearnerstousethecontrastivestudymethod,butthetermcontrastanalysis,inchina,hasbeenregardedasaacademictermsince1970s.Mr.LuShuxiang’sthebalancetoactivelyadvocatesresearchandpractitioner.MrLuShuxiang‘Sviewontheresearchofcontrastivestudy:
1）Contrastivestudyisananalysisoferrorsandexplainerrors;
2）Weshoulddotheresearchofcontrastivestudyfromtheconcept（orcategory）setoutinalanguage;
3）Bycontrast,theultimateaimistoexplainthedifferencesofthetwolanguages.
MrLuShuxiang’sviewoncontrastivestudyisasignificantdirectionforourwordssemanticresearch:
Firstly,thecontrastofvocabularyweshouldpayattentiontothecultureofsemanticandrealism,thusreachthepurposeofsecondlanguageacquisition,andalsoshouldpayattentiontotheexplanationwhichisassociatedwiththecollisionandvacancyphenomenon;Secondly,weshoulddothecontrastofwordculturalsemanticfromtheconceptof（orcategory）setoutinalanguage;thirdlyWemustfocustheultimateaimofcontrastivestudyisresearchtheirnationalcultureandphilosophicthinking.
MoreandmoreChinesepeopleconcerncontrastivestudyin1990s.In1992,professorXuYulong’sbookContrastLinguisticsOverviewwaspublished.ContrastivestudybecameanindependentsubjectinChina.MrXudefinescontrastivestudylikethis:
ContrastivestudyisabranchofContrastivelinguistics,thepurposeistoanalyzeandcomparethetwolanguages,todescribethedifferencesandthecommonground,especiallytheirdifferences,andusethisseriesoftheorytosolveproblemsinotherfields.IfwecompareXu’sdefinitionwiththewesternlinguistsJamesandFisiak’sdefinition,wecanfindoutMrXu’sdefinitionhasthefollowingprogressivesignificance:
1）Itisclearthatthepropertiesofcontrastivelinguisticsisabranchoflinguistics,itnolongerbelongstoappliedlinguistics,MrXuthinkscontrastivelinguisticsincludestheoryofcontrastivelinguisticsandappliedlinguistics,thusaddingtheoreticalcolortocontrastiveEnglish;
2）Ontheanalysisofcontrastivestudy,Xu’sdefinitionemphasizesthecommongroundofthetwolanguages,theimportanceofthecontrastistheirdifferences;
3）Theresearchingmethodisfocusonthedescriptionoftheirdifferences;
4）Tousetheresultstosolvetheproblemsinotherfields.
In1994,ProfessorYangZijianProfessorrevisedProfessorXuYuLongsdefinitionofcontrastivelinguistics.Hesaid,thecontrastivelinguisticsisabranchoflinguistics,ithasthecharacteristicsoftheoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics,themaintaskistodocomparativestudy,todescribeandexplainthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,andusethisseriesoftheorytosolveproblemsinotherfields.Thedefinitiondeterminesthenatureofcontrastivelinguisticsandtarget,thusithaspromotedthedevelopmentofcontrastivestudyinChina.
In1990s,thelingui
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