考研英语一真题.docx

考研英语一真题.docx

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考研英语一真题

2019年考研英语一真题

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:

Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?

Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights–youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another12:

Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some

2.[A]put

3.[A]Since

4.[A]formally

[B]Most

[B]take

[B]If

[B]relatively

[C]Few

[C]run

[C]Though

[C]gradually

[D]All

[D]come

[D]Until

[D]literally

5.[A]back

[B]next

[C]around

[D]away

6.[A]onto

[B]off

[C]across

[D]alone

7.[A]unattractive

[B]uncrowded

[C]unchanged

[D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site

[B]point

[C]way

[D]place

9.[A]So

[B]Yet

[C]Instead

[D]Besides

10.[A]immediately

[B]intentionally

[C]unexpectedly

[D]eventually

11.[A]surprised

[B]annoyed

[C]frightened

[D]confused

12.[A]problem

[B]option

[C]view

[D]result

13.[A]Aboveall

[B]Incontrast

[C]Onaverage

[D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge

[B]avoid

[C]spot

[D]separate

15.[A]from

[B]through

[C]beyond

[D]under

16.[A]posts

[B]links

[C]shades

[D]breaks

17.[A]artificial

[B]mysterious

[C]hidden

[D]limited

18.[A]Finally

[B]Consequently

[C]Incidentally

[D]Generally

19.[A]memories

[B]marks

[C]notes

[D]belongings

20.[A]restrict

[B]adopt

[C]lead

[D]expose

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelong-termdecisionmaking,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism.”

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto

[A]enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility.

[B]helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.

[C]buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

[D]guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

[A]theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

[B]governments’impatienceindecision-making.

[C]thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

[D]“short-termism”ineconomicactivities.

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

[A]indirect.

[B]adverse.

[C]minimal.

[D]temporary.

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate

[A]theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.

[B]thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

[C]theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.

[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

[B]PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

[C]DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

[D]FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation–thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades–isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce–apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”–ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Ultimately,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention–sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents–who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill–feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible–oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

[A]Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

[B]Students’indifferencetoGPAs.

[C]Colleges’neglectofGPAs.

[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

[A]Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

[B]Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.

[C]Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

[D]Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

[A]obtainmorefinancialsupport.

[B]boosttheirstudentenrollments.

[C]improvetheirteachingquality.

[D]meetlocalgovernments’needs.

29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”（Line5,Para.6）mostprobablymean?

[A]Tocounterbalanceeachother.