cet4阅读.docx

cet4阅读.docx

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cet4阅读

1

WhenonelooksbackuponthefifteenhundredyearsthatarethelifespanoftheEnglishlanguage,heshouldbeabletonoticeanumberofsignificanttruths.Thehistoryofourlanguagehasalwaysbeenahistoryofconstantchange—attimesaslow,almostimperceptiblechange,atothertimesaviolentcollisionbetweentwolanguages.Ourlanguagehasalwaysbeenalivinggrowingorganism,ithasneverbeenstatic.Anothersignificanttruththatemergesfromsuchastudyisthatlanguageatalltimeshasbeenthepossessionnotofoneclassorgroupbutofmany.『Atoneextremeithasbeenthepropertyofthecommon,ignorantfolk,whohaveuseditinthedailybusinessoftheirliving,muchastheyhaveusedtheiranimalsorthekitchenpotsandpans.』①Attheotherextremeithasbeenthetreasureofthosewhohaverespecteditasaninstrumentandasignofcivilization,andwhohavestruggledbywritingitdowntogiveitsomepermanence,order,dignity,andifpossible,alittlebeauty.     

　　Asweconsiderourchanginglanguage,weshouldnoteheretwodevelopmentsthatareofspecialandimmediateimportancetous.OneisthatsincethetimeoftheAnglo-Saxonstherehasbeenanalmostcompletereversalofthedifferentdevicesforshowingtherelationshipofwordsinasentence.Anglo-Saxon（oldEnglish）wasalanguageofmanyinflections.ModernEnglishhasfewinflections.Wemustnowdependlargelyonwordorderandfunctionwordstoconveythemeaningsthattheolderlanguagedidbymeansofchangesintheformsofwords.Functionwords,youshouldunderstand,arewordssuchasprepositions,conjunctions,andafewothersthatareusedprimarilytoshowrelationshipsamongotherwords.Afewinflections,however,havesurvived.Andwhensomewordinflectionscomeintoconflictwithwordorder,theremaybetroublefortheusersofthelanguage,asweshallseelaterwhenweturnourattentiontosuchmatersasWHOorWHOMandMEorI.Thesecondfactwemustconsideristhataslanguageitselfchanges,ourattitudestowardlanguageformschangealso.『Theeighteenthcentury,forexample,producedfromvarioussourcesatendencytofixthelanguageintopatternsnotalwayssetinandgrew,untilatthepresenttimethereisastrongtendencytorestudyandre-evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofthewaysinwhichpeoplespeakandwrite.』②    

1.Incontrasttotheearlierlinguists,modernlinguiststendto.    

A.attempttocontinuethestandardizationofthelanguage   　

B.evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofcurrentspeechratherthanstandardsorproperpatterns      

C.bemoreconcernedabouttheimprovementofthelanguagethanitsanalysisorhistory    

D.bemoreawareoftherulesofthelanguageusage  

2.Choosetheappropriatemeaningfortheword“inflection”usedinline4ofparagraph2.    

A.Changesintheformsofwords.     

B.Changesinsentencestructures.    

C.Changesinspellingrules.    

D.Wordsthathavesimilarmeanings.   

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthepassage?

A.Itisgenerallybelievedthattheyear1500canbesetasthebeginningofthemodernEnglishlanguage.    

B.SomeotherlanguageshadgreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageatsomestagesofitsdevelopment.    

C.TheEnglishlanguagehasbeenandstillinastateofrelativelyconstantchange.  

D.ManyclassesorgroupshavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.  　

4.Theauthoroftheseparagraphsisprobablya（an）.   

A.historian B.philosopher  　C.anthropologist D.linguist 

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthepassage?

A.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage. 　　

B.OurchangingattitudetowardstheEnglishlanguage.      

C.Ourchanginglanguage. 　

D.SomecharacteristicsofmodernEnglish.

2

Cultureisoneofthemostchallengingelementsoftheinternationalmarketplace.『Thissystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternscharacteristicofthemembersofagivensocietyisconstantlyshapedbyasetofdynamicvariables:

language,religion,valuesandattitudes,mannersandcustoms,aesthetics,technology,education,andsocialinstitutions.』①Tocopewiththissystem,aninternationalmanagerneedsbothfactualandinterpretiveknowledgeofculture.Tosomeextent,thefactualknowledgecanbelearned;itsinterpretationcomesonlythroughexperience.   

Themostcomplicatedproblemsindealingwiththeculturalenvironmentstemfromthefactthatonecannotlearnculture—onehastoliveit.Twoschoolsofthoughtexistinthebusinessworldonhowtodealwithculturaldiversity.Oneisthatbusinessisbusinesstheworldaround,followingthemodelofPepsiandMcDonald’s.Insomecases,globalizationisafactoflife;however,culturaldifferencesarestillfarfromconverging.  　　

Theotherschoolproposesthatcompaniesmusttailorbusinessapproachestoindividualcultures.Settinguppoliciesandproceduresineachcountryhasbeencomparedtoanorgantransplant;thecriticalquestioncentersaroundacceptanceorrejection.Themajorchallengetotheinternationalmanageristomakesurethatrejectionisnotaresultofculturalmyopiaorevenblindness.   　　

Fortuneexaminedtheinternationalperformanceofadozenlargecompaniesthatearn20percentormoreoftheirrevenueoverseas.Theinternationallysuccessfulcompaniesallshareanimportantquality:

patience.Theyhavenotrushedintosituationsbutratherbuilttheiroperationscarefullybyfollowingthemostbasicbusinessprinciples.Theseprinciplesaretoknowyouradversary,knowyouraudience,andknowyourcustomer.   

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

A.Allinternationalmanagerscanlearnculture.  　　

B.Businessdiversityisnotnecessary.    　　

C.Viewsdifferonhowtotreatcultureinbusinessworld.   　　

D.Mostpeopledonotknowforeignculturewell.   　

2.Accordingtotheauthor,themodelofPepsi. 

A.isinlinewiththetheoriesoftheschooladvocatingthebusinessisbusinesstheworldaround    

B.isdifferentfromthemodelofMcDonald’s    

C.showsthereverseofglobalization     　　

D.hasconvergedculturaldifferences

3.Thetwoschoolsofthought.      　　

A.bothproposethatcompaniesshouldtailorbusinessapproachestoindividualcultures   　

B.bothadvocatethatdifferentpoliciesbesetupindifferentcountries 　　

C.admittheexistenceofculturaldiversityinbusinessworld   　　

D.Both Aand B   

4.Thisarticleissupposedtobemostusefulforthose.   　

A.whoareinterestedinresearchingthetopicofculturaldiversity     　　

B.whohaveconnectionstomorethanonetypeofculture   　　

C.whowanttotravelabroad   

D.whowanttorunbusinessonInternationalScale   

5.AccordingtoFortune,successfulinternationalcompanies.   　

A.earn20percentormoreoftheirrevenueoverseas　　

B.allhavethequalityofpatience   　　

C.willfollowtheoverseaslocalcultures    　　

D.adoptthepolicyofinternationalization   　

3

Asregardssocialconventions,wemustsayawordaboutthewell-knownEnglishclasssystem.『ThisisanembarrassingsubjectforEnglishpeople,andonetheytendtobeashamedof,thoughduringthepresentcenturyclass-consciousnesshasgrownlessandless,andtheclasssystemlessrigid.』①Butitstillexistsbelowthesurface.Broadlyspeaking,itmeanstherearetwoclasses,the“middleclass”andthe“workingclass”.（Weshallignoreforamomenttheold“upperclass”,includingthehereditaryaristocracy,sinceitisextremelysmallinnumbers;butsomeofitsmembershavetherighttositintheHouseofLords,andsomenewspaperstakeasurprisinginterestintheirprivatelife.）Themiddleclassconsistschieflyofwell-to-dobusinessmenandprofessionalpeopleofallkinds.Theworkingclassconsistschieflyofmanualandunskilledworkers.      　

Themostobviousdifferencebetweenthemisintheiraccent.Middle-classpeopleuseslightlyvaryingkindsof“receivedpronunciation”whichisthekindofEnglishspokenbyBBCannouncersandtaughttooverseaspupils.Typicalworking-classpeoplespeakinmanydifferentlocalaccentswhicharegenerallyfelttoberatheruglyanduneducated.OneofthebiggestbarriersofsocialequalityinEnglandisthetwo-classeducationsystem.Tohavebeentoaso-called“publicschool”immediatelymarksyououtasoneofthemiddleclass.Themiddleclassestendtoliveamoreformallifethanworking-classpeople,andareusuallymorecultured.Theirmiddaymealis“lunch”andtheyhavearatherformaleveningmealcalled“dinner”,whereastheworkingman’sdinner,ifhisworkinghourspermit,isatmidday,andhissmaller,late-eveningmealiscalledsupper.    　

Aswehavesaid,however,theclasssystemismuchlessrigidthanitwas,andforalongtimeithasbeengovernmentpolicytoreduceclassdistinctions.『Working-classstudentsverycommonlyreceiveauniversityeducationandentertheprofessions,andworking-classincomeshavegrownsomuchrecentlythatthedistinctionsbetweenthetwoclassesarebecominglessandlessclear.』②However,regardlessofone’ssocialstatus,certainstandardsofpolitenessareexpectedofeverybody,andawell-bredpersonispolitetoeveryonehemeets,andtreatsalabourerwiththesamerespecthegivesanimportantbusinessman.Servilityinspiresbothembarrassmentanddislike.Eventheword“sir”,exceptinschoolandincertainoccupations（e.g.commerce,thearmyetc.）soundstooserviletobecommonlyused. 

1.Themiddleclassmainlyreferstopeople.   　

A.whowerebornasaristocrat 　B.whohavetherighttositintheHouseofLords  　

C.whospeakinmanydifferentlocalaccents