翻译第一章教案修订.docx
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翻译第一章教案修订
电子教案内容索引
第一章
Whatistranslation?
1.1Linguisticviewsontranslation
1.2Culturalviewsontranslation
1.3Literaryviewsontranslation
1.4Semanticviewsontranslation
1.5Functionalviewsontranslation
1.6Communicativeviewsontranslation
2.Importantroleoftranslation
2.1Asameansofcommunication,translationplaysanimportantroleinhumancivilization.
2.2Ifaforeignlanguageisgenerallyacceptedasatooloflife,translationthenobviouslyservesasadynamicmeansofemployingthistool.Aproperanddexterous巧妙translationhelpstopromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeoplesofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds,whereasamisunderstandingorimproperrenderingofwordsorexpressionsmayleadtoconfusion.
Examples:
transliteration字译或音译
menu---菜单（计算机---选项、项目单）
Renaissance---文艺复兴
芳芳----（toothofthedogorsnake）
"五讲四美、三热爱----fivestresses,fourbeautiesandthreeloves
抓紧施肥----graspmanure[məˈnʊə,-ˈnjʊə]
街道妇女----streetwomen
白酒----whitewine
3.Nature,ScopeandProcessofTranslation
3.1BriefIntroductionofTranslation（课本Page1）
3.2ProcessofCommunication
（1）IntralingualCommunication（语内交流）
（2）InterlingualCommunication（语际交流）
A.理解阶段的历时性
B.理解阶段的共时性
翻译的过程----阅读、理解、表达、检验（课本Page12-13）
4.TheDevelopment,PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslationTheory
4.1TheFourDevelopingPhasesOfTranslationTheoryinChina
肇始阶段（佛经序翻译理论）：
古典阶段（正名论翻译理论）：
玄思阶段（哲学化翻译理论）：
直觉阶段（文艺学翻译理论）：
4.2TranslationCriteriaPutForwardbyFamousTranslatorsorTranslationTheorists
4.2.1TranslationCriteriaPutForwardbySomeChineseTranslators课本page3-4
4.2.2TranslationCriteriaPutForwardbyWesternTranslatorsorTheorists
（1）AlexanderFraserTytler：
ThreePrinciplesofTranslation
（2）PeterNewmark:
CommunicativeandSemanticTranslation
（3）EugeneA．Nida：
FunctionalEquivalence
4.3OtherFactorsAffectingtheEvaluationofTranslation
5.TheRequirementsforQualifiedTranslators
5.1ExcellentCommandoftheTwoLanguages
5.2ConsiderableKnowledgeoftheTwoCultures
5.3AdequateKnowledgeoftheSubjectMatter
5.4FairCapacityforWriting
5.5PlentyofPracticeandAdequateKnowledgeofTranslationTheoriesandSkills
5.6SkillsintheUseofInformationTechnology
6.Translationstrategies
6.1LiteralTranslation（直译：
可以改变某一级别上的结构，例如增词或减词）andFreeTranslation（意译：
不限级翻译）
Word-for-word逐词翻译（限级翻译）
FreeTranslation----LiteralTranslation---Word-for-word
6.2ForeignizingTranslationandDomesticatingTranslation
6.3翻译的局限性
6.4不合格的翻译
Chapter1GeneralIntroduction（8periods）
TheFirstThreePeriods
TeachingObjectives:
1.Haveagoodunderstandingofdifferentviewsontranslation（45minutes）.
2.Beawareoftheimportantroletranslationplaysthroughthestudyofsomecases（35minutes）.
3.Befullyawareofthenature,scopeandtwoimportantprocessesoftranslation.（55minutes）
I.WhatisTranslation?
（45minutes）
Translationcanberoughlydefinedasareproductionorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.Beingaverycomplicatedhumanactivity,itswholepictureisnevereasytodescribe.Scholarswithdifferentacademicbackgroundshaveattemptedtodefineitfromvariousperspectives.
1.1LinguisticViewsonTranslation（7minutes）
Translationtheoristsfromthelinguisticschoolconceiveoftranslationasalinguisticactivityandsomebelievethattranslationtheoryisabranchoflinguistics,approaching着手处理theissuesoftranslatingprimarilyfromtheviewpointofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweensourceandtargettexts.
*Translationmaybedefinedasthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage（thesourcelanguage）byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage（thetargetlanguage）（Catford1965:
20）.
*Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptor受体languagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle（Nida&Taber1969:
12）.
*Translationtheoryderivesfromcomparativelinguistics,andwithinlinguistics,itismainlyanaspectofsemantics语义学;allquestionsofsemanticsrelatetotranslationtheory（Newmark1982/1988:
5）.
1.2CulturalViewsonTranslation（8minutes）
Intheculturalapproach方法，方式；手段；步骤；态度,translationisregardednotonlyasatransferoflinguisticsigns,butalsoasacommunicationofcultures,i.e.translationisan"interculturalcommunication";hencethetermsof"interculturalcooperation","acculturation"文化互渗,and"transculturation"跨文化，交叉文化，涉及多种文化.
*Translationisaprocesswhichoccursbetweenculturesratherthansimplybetweenlanguages（Shuttleworth&Cowie1997:
35）.
*Atranslatorwhousesaculturalapproachissimplyrecognizingthateachlanguagecontainselementswhicharederivedfromitsculture（suchasgreetings,fixedexpressionsandREALIA实际存在）,thateverytextisanchored深嵌于inaspecificculture,andthatconventionsoftextproductionandreceptionvaryfromculturetoculture（Shuttleworth&Cowie1997:
35）.
*Fortrulysuccessfultranslating,biculturalism两种文化isevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism两种语言,sincewordsonlyhavemeaningsintermsoftheculturesinwhichtheyfunction（Nida2001:
82）.
*翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。
译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。
不仅如此，还要不断地把两种文化加以比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。
翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。
人们会说：
他必须掌握两种语言；确实如此，但是不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言（王佐良1989）。
1.3LiteraryViewsonTranslation（8minutes）文学观点
Translatorswhoholdthisviewbelievethattranslationisanartisticrecreationorarecreatedart.SomemodernWesternscholarsfromtheliteraryschooltakeliterarytranslationtobe"themanipulation操作处理orrewritingofthesourcetexts".
*文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的映象完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中，在翻译过程中追求语言的艺术美，再现原作的艺术性。
用茅盾的话说，是“使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。
语言是塑造文学形象的工具，因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。
文学语言的特征，诸如形象、生动、鲜明、含蓄、凝练、准确、风趣、幽默、辛辣、滑稽、悦耳、民族特点、地方色彩，还有行业习语、民间的俚语、谚语等等，都是作家根据塑造形象的需要，从现实生活中提炼创造出来的。
文学作品的艺术形式与思想内容是辩证统一的，翻译要保存原作风格特点，因此要求译文生动形象、形神毕肖、雅俗等同、简洁精美、词情并茂（《译学辞典》2004：
291）。
1.4SemanticViewsonTranslation（7minutes）语义观点
Thisviewfocusesonthesemanticequivalencebetweenthetwolanguages,aswellexpressedbyEugeneNida（1986）:
"Translatingmeanstranslatingmeaning".
*Translationisrendering翻译themeaningofatextintoanotherlanguageinthewaythattheauthorintendedthetext（Newmark1988:
5）.
*Semantictranslation:
thetranslatorattempts,withinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsofthetargetlanguage,toreproducetheprecisecontextual上下文的meaningoftheauthor（Newmark1982:
22）.
*Insemantictranslation,greaterattentionispaidtorenderingtheauthor'soriginalthought-processesintargetlanguagethantoattemptingtore-interpretsourcetextinawaywhichthetranslatorconsidersmoreappropriateforthetargetsetting（Shuttleworth&Cowie1997:
151）.
1.5FunctionalViewsonTranslation（7minutes）功能观点
Functionalistsbelievethattranslationisaspecificformofhumanactionwithacertainpurpose,akindoflinguisticserviceprovidedtothesociety.Translatorsshouldtakeintoaccounttheneedsoftheclient,thereaderaswellasthepurposeoruseofthetranslation:
*Itisnotthesourcetext,oritseffectsonthesource-textrecipient,orthefunctionassignedtoitbytheauthor,thatdeterminesthetranslationprocess,buttheprospectivefunctionorpurposeofthetargettextasdeterminedbytheinitiator's,i.e.client's,needs（Baker2001:
236）.
1.6CommunicativeViewsonTranslation（7minutes）交际的观点
Thisapproachviewstranslationasacommunicativeprocesswhichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext.
*Communicativetranslation:
thetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectonthetargetlanguagereadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalonthesourcelanguagereaders（Newmark1982:
22）.
*Communicativetranslationisgenerallyorientedtowardstheneedsofthetargetlanguagereaderorrecipient接受者.Atranslatorwhoistranslatingcommunicativelywilltreatsourcetextasamessageratherthanamerestringoflinguisticunits,andwillbeconcernedtopreservesourcetext'soriginalfunctionandtoreproduceitseffectonthenewaudience（Shuttleworth&Cowie1997:
21）.
Theaboveviewshelpustounderstandthecomplexnatureoftranslation.Sincetherearemanyfactorswhichaffectthetranslationprocess,translationisacomplicatedhumanactivity.
II.ImportantRoleofTranslation（35minutes）
Translationisarendering翻译fromonelanguageintoanother,i.e.,thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.
Asameansofcommunication,translationplaysanimportantroleinhumancivilization.IntheWest,literarytranslationcanbetracedbackto300BC,whileinChina,recordedtranslationactivitiesareevenearlier,datingfromtheZhouDynasty（1100BC）.However,notuntilrecentcenturies,especiallybytheendofthe19thcenturydidsystematicstudyoftranslationgetunderway开展，开始，启动.Inthepastdecadestranslationtheoriesandactivitieshavedevelopedfastbothathomeandabroad.
Amodernsocietysees目睹;经历;见证anextensiveuseoftranslationonvariousoccasions.Ifaforeignlanguageisgenerallyacceptedasatooloflife,translationthenobviouslyservesasadynamicmeansofemployingthistool.Aproperanddexterous巧妙translationhelpstopromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeoplesofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds,whereasamisunderstandingorimproperrenderingofwordsorexpressionsmayleadtoconfusion.Takethefamiliarword"menu"forexample.Itsoriginalmeaningis"alistofdishesinamealortobeorderedasseparatedmeals,esp.inarestaurant",andtheChineseequivalentseemstobeclear:
"菜单".However,whenusedincomputerscience,"menu"nolongercarriestheori
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