标点.docx

标点.docx

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标点

Punctuation

IEndMarks

Useperiods,questionmarks,orexclamationmarkstoendsentences.

Pl.Useaperiodafterasentencewhichmakesastatementorexpressesacommand.

Itistoonoisyhere.Pleasestopwhispering.

P2.Useaperiodaftermostabbreviations.

PeriodsfollowsuchabbreviationsasDr.,A.D.,Inc.,Ph.D.,e.g.,andmanyothers.Acommaoranotherpunctuationmarkmayfollowtheperiodafteranabbreviation,butattheendofasentenceonlyoneperiodisused.

AfterheearnedhisM.A.,hebeganstudyingforhisPh.D.

Ifthesentenceisaquestionoranexclamation,theendpunctuationmarkfollowstheperiodaftertheabbreviation.

WhendidshegetherPh.D.?

Abbreviationsofgovernmentalandinternationalagenciesareoftenwrittenwithoutperiods,suchasNATO,WHO,FBI,CIA.

P3.Useaquestionmarkafteradirectquestion.Butuseaperiod,notaquestionmark,afteranindirectquestion.

"Whatisthematterwithyou?

"sheasked.

SheaskedmeifIhadevermethim.

P4.Useanexclamationmarkafterastatementofstrongfeelings.

"Help!

"theboyyelled.

BeQuiet!

Oh,whatamess!

Aftermildexclamations,usecommasorperiods.

Well,Iamdiscouraged.

IICommas

Thecommaischieflyused

（1）toseparateequalelements,suchasindependentclausesanditemsinaseries,and

（2）tosetoffmodifiersoraddedwords,phrases,andclauses.

P5.Useacommabeforethecoordinatingconjunctionsand,but,for,or,nor,yetwhentheyjointheindependentclausesofacompoundsentence.

Iplacedthefileonhisdesk,andhepickeditupandreaditroughly.Hisfacetamedred,buthedidnotsayaword.Iknewhewasangry,forheroseandstampedoutoftheroom.

P6.Usecommastoseparatetheitemsinaseriescomposedofthreeormorewords,phrases,orclausesofequalgrammaticalrank.

ChurchillpromisedtheEnglishonlyblood,sweat,toil,andtears.

Wehuntedforthephotointhealbum,intheoldtrunks,andevenundertherug.

Itoldhimwhichwaytogo,whattocarry,andhowtodress.

Weleftthecottage,Fatherlockedthedoor,andMothersuggestedthatweneverunlockitagain.

P7.Usecommastoseparateindependentadjectivesprecedinganoun.

Acommaseparatingtwoadjectivessignifiesthatthetwoadjectiveshavethesamerelationshipwiththemodified.

Nocommaisusedwhenthemodifierclosertothenouniscloserinmeaningtothemodified.

atall,dark,handsomeboy（Eachadjectiveindividuallymodifiesboy.）

thedark,cold,draftyroom（Theorderoftheadjectivesisreversible.Youcansay:

thecold,dark,draftyroom.）

adarkbluetweedjacket（Tweedmodifiesjacket,whiledarkbluemodifiestweedjacket.）

largeglassfrontdoors

P8.Useacommaafteralongintroductoryphraseorclause.

Whentheintroductoryelementisshortandthereisnodangerofmisunderstanding,thecommaisoftenomitted.

Althoughnoneofusreallyenjoyedtheconcert,weapplaudedpolitely.

Withthisseverepartofthetrekbehindhim,thehikerfeltmoreconfident.

WheneverIseehimIrememberwhathisfriendusedtosayabouthim.

Aftertheordealthehikerfeltmoreconfident.

P9.Useacomma/commastosetoffnonrestrictiveclausesorphrases.

Adjectiveclausesandphrasesareeitherrestrictiveornonrestrictive.Therestrictivemodifierisessentialtotheidentificationofthewordbeingmodifiedandisnotseparatedfromthemodifiedbyacomma.

Thegradethatthelittleboyreceivedpleasedhim.

Thegiftsittingnexttomechewedgumnoisily.

However,nonrestrictiveclausesandphrasesareusuallyseparatedfromthemodifiedbyacomma/commas.

Mybrother-in-law,wholivesinNewYork,isachemist.（Sincenoidentificationisused,thewriteristellingusthathehasonlyonebrother-in-law.）

Youngdrivers,whoarenotwell-trained,causemostoftheminorautomobileaccidents.（Thewriterthinksmostoftheyoungdrivershavenotreceivedadequatetrainingandtherefore,areliabletocauseaccidents.）

Pl0.Usecommastosetoffmostappositives.

Shakespeare'slastplay,TheTempest,isoptimisticandevensunnyinmood.

Thenewboy,theonewithredhair,likesme.

P11.Useacommatosetoffabsolutephrases.

Anabsolutephraseconsistsofanounorapronounandaparticiple.Itusuallymodifiesthesentenceasawholeratherthananyparticularpartofit.

Thecatbeingaway,themicewillplay.

Shesatthereinsilence,hereyesgazingoutsidethewindow.

P12.Usecommastosetoffinsertedparts.

Thetext,however,wastoodifficult.

Herappearance,Imustsay,isnotverycharming.

P13.Usecommaswithexpressionslikehesaid,sheremarked,andsherepliedtosetoffquotedspeeches.

"Wemustdoit,"hesaid,"untilwethinkofsomethingbetter."

Hereplied,"It'sallGreektome."

Othermarksmaybeusedinsteadofthecommaifthesentencejustifiestheiruse.

"HowshallItellher?

"askedtheboytimidly.

"Silence!

'heshouted."Gobacktoyourbedatonce!

"

P14.Usecommastosetoffitemsindatesandaddresses.

HewasborninLeeds,EnglandonJanuary1,1980.

P15.Donotuseunnecessarycommas.

Commasarenotusedinthefollowingpositions:

1.Beforeacoordinatingconjunctionjoiningtwoverbs,complements,orsubordinateclauses.

Wrong:

Ihadtriedveryhard,butfailedagain.

Wrong:

IfIcanpasstheexam,andyoucanfinishyourproject,we'lltakeaholiday.

2.Betweenasubjectanditsverborbetweenaverbanditscomplement.

Wrong:

Thewomansittingatthefarendofthetable,ismymother.

Wrong:

Nobodycaneverunderstand,whyshedislikeschildren.

3.Betweenadjectivesthatarenotindependentorbetweenthefinaladjectiveandthenounbeingmodified.（Usuallycommasarenotusedbeforeadjectivesdenotingageorsize.）

Wrong:

thisdelightful,little,oldman

Wrong:

alikable,outgoing,sortofperson

IIISemicolons

Useasemicolonbetweenindependentclausesnotjoinedbycoordinatingconjunctions（and,but,or,nor,so,yet）andbetweencoordinateelementswithinternalcommas.

P16.Useasemicolonbetweenindependentclausesnotjoinedbyacoordinatingconjunction.

Incompoundsentencesthatdonotuseacoordinatingconjunctiontheremaybenoconnectivebetweentheclauses,orthesecondclausemaybeginwithanadverbialphrase,oraconjunctiveadverbsuchashowever,therefore,moreover,andthelike.

Hismotherwon'tlethim;sheisafraidhemightgethurt.

Aspecialistfromthemuseumarrivedandaskedtoexamineit;thenallthefamilybecameexcited.

Thenewproductisinurgentneed;therefore,wehavetoworkshiftstomeetthedemand.

P17.Usesemicolonstoseparatemostclausesarrangedintheformofaseries.

Threeormoreshortindependentclausesinaseriescanbeseparatedbycommas.

Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

Butlongindependentclausesarebetterseparatedbysemicolons,particularlyifthereisanothermarkofpunctuationintheclauses.

Thefirstweekofthejourneywasrelaxingandbreezy;thesecondweek,withlongerrestperiods,wasevenmorerelaxing;butthethirdweek,whichtookustofourcountrieswiththehotsunandthecoldrainalternatelyleftusnumbandexhausted.

P18.Donotusesemicolonstoseparateasubordinateclausefromthemainclause.

Wrong:

Althoughwedon'tknowwheretogonow;weshouldn'tstop.

IVQuotationmarks

Usequotationmarkstoenclosetheexactwordsofaspeakerorwriterandtosetoffsometitles.

P19.Usedoublequotationmarkstoenclosedirectquotationsanddialogues.Indialoguesanewparagraphmarksachangeofspeaker.

"Doyoureallyadmiremeverymuch?

"heaskedthelittleprince.

"Whatdoes'admire'mean?

"

"Toadmiremeansthatyouconsidermethehandsomest,thebestdressed,therichestandthemostintelligentmanonthisplanet."

"Butyouareallaloneonyourplanet!

"

--TheLittlePrince

P20.Donotusequotationmarkstosetoffanindirectquotationwhichisastatementgivingtheideabutnottheexactwordsofaspeech.

Heanswered:

"Iwillnevereverbelievethat."

Heansweredthathewouldnevereverbelievethat.

P21.Usesinglequotationmarkstoencloseaspeechwithinanotherspeechoraquotedwordwithinaspeech.

Thereviewexplained:

"Thewriterwasironicwhensheadvises,'Goburrowunderground.'"

Johnsaid,"IhavejustfinishedreadingBrowning's'MyLastDuchess'."

P22.Followconventionsinplacingothermarksofpunctuationwithquotationmarkswhenusedtoquoteaspeechorwriting.

1.Theperiodandthecommaalwayscomeinsidethequotationmarks.

"That'sme,"shesaid.

"Comein,"saidmyfather,"andtakeoffyourcoat."

2.Thesemicolonandthecolonalwayscomeoutsidethequotationmarks.

Thecustomerwrotethatshewas"notyetreadytobuythemodel";itwastooexpensive.

ThespeakerclosedwiththesewordsfromKing's"IHaveaDream":

"Letfreedomting."

3.Thequestionmarkandtheexclamationmarkcomewithinthequotationmarksifthequotedpartisaquestionoranexclamation;otherwisetheycomeoutside.

Heasked,"Whoisshe?

"

Didheask,"Whoisshe?

"

Didhesay"Ipromise"?

Shescreamed,"Run!

"

Cursethemanwhowhispers"No"!

P23.Usequotationmarkstosetoffwordsreferredtoaswords.

Thisuseofquotationmarkstocallattentiontoawordissometimesextendedtoincludetechnicaltermsandslang.

Thepaperwasneatlywritten,and,exceptthat"stationary"waswritten"stationery,"thespellingwascorrectallthewaythrough.

A"field"inmathematicsisnotwhatitisinagriculture.

Herbrother"socked"herintheeyeand"beaned"herwitharuler.

P24.Usequotationmarkstoenclosethetitlesofessays,articles,shortstories,shortpoems,chaptersandothersubdivisionsofbooksorperiodicals）.

Haveyoure